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Topic Review
Hypoxia in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10% of the population. Fibrosis is the hallmark of CKD, which is marked by the deposit of extracellular matrix (ECM). This response is the final outcome of an unbalanced reaction to inflammation and wound healing and can be induced by a variety of insults, including hypoxia. Vascular damage results in an impaired tissue oxygen supply, inducing immune cell infiltration, tubule injury and the activation of ECM-secreting myofibroblasts. In turn, tubulointerstitial fibrosis development worsens oxygen diffusion. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the primary transcriptional regulator of hypoxia-associated responses, such as oxidative stress and metabolic reprogramming, triggering a proinflammatory and profibrotic landscape.
  • 153
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Age-Related Alternative Splicing
Alternative splicing changes are closely linked to aging, though it remains unclear if they are drivers or effects. As organisms age, splicing patterns change, varying gene isoform levels and functions. These changes may contribute to aging alterations rather than just reflect declining RNA quality control. Three main splicing types—intron retention, cassette exons, and cryptic exons—play key roles in age-related complexity. These events modify protein domains and increase nonsense-mediated decay, shifting protein isoform levels and functions. This may potentially drive aging or serve as a biomarker. Fluctuations in splicing factor expression also occur with aging. Somatic mutations in splicing genes can also promote aging and age-related disease. 
  • 220
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Krüppel-like Factor 10 for Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker
Despite recent improvement in chemotherapy regimens for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the clinical outcomes are still unsatisfactory compared to other solid tumors. Radiotherapy was demonstrated to improve locoregional control of PDAC; however, the survival benefit of radiotherapy in localized PDAC is undefined due to early distant progression in the majority of patients. Upfront chemotherapy for localized PDAC was suggested recently to avoid radical local therapy for patients of localized PDAC high risk of distant metastasis. Potential tissue biomarkers were developed to select PDAC patients who will benefit from local radiotherapy. 
  • 245
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
White Adipose Tissue
The immune and endocrine dysfunctions of white adipose tissue are a hallmark of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. In humans, white adipose tissue comprises distinct depots broadly distributed under the skin (hypodermis) and as internal depots (visceral). Depot-specific ASCs could account for visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue properties, by regulating adipogenesis and immunomodulation. More importantly, visceral and subcutaneous depots account for distinct contributions to obesity and its metabolic comorbidities. Distinct ASCs subpopulations were also described in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Interestingly, the superficial layer closer to the dermis shows hyperplastic and angiogenic capacities, whereas the deep layer is considered as having inflammatory properties similar to visceral. 
  • 252
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Antifungal and Anticancer Activity of Amphidinium spp.
Dinoflagellates make up the second largest marine group of marine unicellular eukaryotes in the world ocean and comprise both heterotrophic and autotrophic species, encompassing a wide genetic and chemical diversity. They produce a plethora of secondary metabolites that can be toxic to other species and are mainly used against predators and competing species. Dinoflagellates are indeed often responsible for harmful algal bloom, where their toxic secondary metabolites can accumulate along the food chain, leading to significant damages to the ecosystem and human health. Secondary metabolites from dinoflagellates have been widely investigated for potential biomedical applications and have revealed multiple antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. Species from the genus Amphidinium seem to be particularly interesting for the production of medically relevant compounds.
  • 208
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cosmetic Applications of Exopolysaccharides
Bacteria are well-known to synthesize high molecular weight polysaccharides excreted in extracellular domain, which constitute their protective microenvironment. Several bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are commercially available for skincare applications in cosmetic products due to their unique structural features, conferring valuable biological and/or textural properties.
  • 588
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
MIF and D-DT/MIF-2 in Infections
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homolog, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), are cytokines that play critical roles in the immune response to various infectious diseases. The role of MIF in different types of infections is controversial, as it has either a protective function or a host damage-enhancing function depending on the pathogen. Depending on the specific role of MIF, different therapeutic options for MIF-targeting drugs arise. Human MIF-neutralizing antibodies, anti-parasite MIF antibodies, small molecule MIF inhibitors or MIF-blocking peptides, as well as the administration of exogenous MIF or MIF activity-augmenting small molecules have potential therapeutic applications and need to be further explored in the future. In addition, MIF has been shown to be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in sepsis. Further research is needed to unravel the complexity of MIF and D-DT in infectious diseases and to develop personalized therapeutic approaches targeting these cytokines. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of the role of MIF and D-DT in infections could lead to new strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of infectious diseases.
  • 219
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Natural Functional Beverages as Approach to Manage Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, commonly associated with unhealthy habits and obesity, and it is becoming a serious health issue worldwide. As a result, new approaches to treat diabetes are required, and a movement towards more natural approaches is emerging. Consuming fruit and vegetables is advised to prevent diabetes since they contain several bioactive compounds. A simple and effective strategy to include them in the diets of diabetic and obese people is through beverages.
  • 159
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Micropropagation and Its Applications of Eucalyptus Plantations
The genus Eucalyptus is a globally captivated source of hardwood and is well known for its medicinal uses. The hybrid and wild species of Eucalyptus are widely used as exotic plantations due to their renowned potential of adapting to various systems and sites, and rapid large-scale propagation of genetically similar plantlets, which further leads to the extensive propagation of this species. Tissue culture plays a crucial role in the preservation, propagation, and genetic improvement of Eucalyptus species. Despite unquestionable progression in biotechnological and tissue culture approaches, the productivity of plantations is still limited, often due to the low efficiency of clonal propagation from cuttings. 
  • 295
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses Occurrence and Distribution in Central Africa
Arboviruses represent a real public health problem globally and in the Central African subregion in particular, which represents a high-risk zone for the emergence and re-emergence of arbovirus outbreaks. 
  • 124
  • 29 Dec 2023
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