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Topic Review
Monarch Population Dynamics in Western North America
The Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758), in western North America appears to be undergoing a period of flux in terms of population size and ecology.
  • 143
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Influence of Light Irradiation on Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
Biological nitrification is a crucial process in microalgal–bacterial systems. It oxidizes ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3−) via intermediate nitrite (NO2−), which is mainly conducted by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Light is essential for algae photosynthesis; however, nitrifying bacteria are also influenced by light radiation.
  • 198
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Production of Anthocyanins Using Plant Cell
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in plants. They exist in various colors, including red, purple, and blue, and are utilized as natural colorants in the food and cosmetics industries. The pharmaceutical industry uses anthocyanins as therapeutic compounds because they have several medicinal qualities, including anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Plant cell cultures have been studied to understand their part in in vitro production of anthocyanins for use in food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, and cell or organ cultures have been initiated in more than 50 plant species. Researchers experienced pigmentation in cell cultures regardless of the plant, species, source of explants, and types of cultures established since the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is common to all flowering plants. Three significant plant species—carrot (Daucus carota), grape (Vitis vinifera), and strawberry (Fragaria ananassa)—have been the subject of in-depth research on in vitro cell cultures for the production of anthocyanins, among others. Several excellent review articles have been published and innumerable patents have been granted from time to time on anthocyanin production from in vitro cultures. The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is generally well-studied and established. 
  • 288
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Histone and Oncohistone Characterization via Yeast Models
Understanding the molecular basis of cancer initiation and progression is critical in developing effective treatment strategies. Mutations in genes encoding histone proteins that drive oncogenesis have been identified, converting these essential proteins into “oncohistones”. Understanding how oncohistone mutants, which are commonly single missense mutations, subvert the normal function of histones to drive oncogenesis requires defining the functional consequences of such changes. Histones genes are present in multiple copies in the human genome with 15 genes encoding histone H3 isoforms, the histone for which the majority of oncohistone variants have been analyzed thus far. With so many wildtype histone proteins being expressed simultaneously within the oncohistone, it can be difficult to decipher the precise mechanistic consequences of the mutant protein. In contrast to humans, budding and fission yeast contain only two or three histone H3 genes, respectively. Furthermore, yeast histones share ~90% sequence identity with human H3 protein. Its genetic simplicity and evolutionary conservation make yeast an excellent model for characterizing oncohistones. 
  • 203
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Animal-Derived Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are biomolecules found in microorganisms, plants, and animals that constitute living organisms. Glycosaminoglycans, unique acidic polysaccharides in animal connective tissue, are often combined with proteins in the form of covalent bonds due to their potent biological activity, low toxicity, and minimal side effects, which have the potential to be utilized as nutrition healthcare and dietary supplements.
  • 169
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing System
The natural CRISPR-Cas9 system are composed of Cas9, crRNA, and tracrRNA. The artificial CRISPR/Cas9 system usually consists of two components: the Cas9 endonuclease and the sgRNA, which form the ribonucleoprotein complex via base pairing to mediate the gene editing. 
  • 160
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Distinctive Patterns of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a serious and debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder that typically occurs in early adulthood. DNA methylation, a critical epigenetic modification, contributes to alter gene expression without affecting the underlying genomic sequences; 5-methycytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxylcytosine (5hmC) are two major forms of DNA methylation in mammals.
  • 118
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Scaffolds and Biomaterials for Soft Tissue Engineering
The utilization of materials in medical implants, serving as substitutes for non-functional biological structures, supporting damaged tissues, or reinforcing active organs, holds significant importance in modern healthcare, positively impacting the quality of life for millions of individuals worldwide. Biodegradable metals, including zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), iron, and others, present a new paradigm in the realm of implant materials. Research focuses on developing optimized materials that meet medical standards, encompassing controllable corrosion rates, sustained mechanical stability, and favorable biocompatibility. Achieving these objectives involves refining alloy compositions and tailoring processing techniques to carefully control microstructures and mechanical properties. Among the materials under investigation, Mg- and Zn-based biodegradable materials and their alloys demonstrate the ability to provide necessary support during tissue regeneration while gradually degrading over time. Furthermore, as essential elements in the human body, Mg and Zn offer additional benefits, including promoting wound healing, facilitating cell growth, and participating in gene generation while interacting with various vital biological functions. 
  • 197
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Caenorhabditis elegans Models in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mechanism
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons. Despite extensive research in various model animals, the cellular signal mechanisms of ALS remain elusive, impeding the development of efficacious treatments. Among these models, a well-characterized and diminutive organism, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), has emerged as a potent tool for investigating the molecular and cellular dimensions of ALS pathogenesis. 
  • 153
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
AI Tools in Food Safety and Quality Analysis
On a global scale, food safety and security aspects entail consideration throughout the farm-to-fork continuum, considering food’s supply chain. Generally, the agrifood system is a multiplex network of interconnected features and processes, with a hard predictive rate, where maintaining the food’s safety is an indispensable element and is part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It has led the scientific community to develop advanced applied analytical methods, such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques applied for assessing foodborne diseases. 
  • 130
  • 10 Jan 2024
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