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Topic Review
Lipid Membrane-Domain Subtypes
Lipid membrane nanodomains are membrane areas enriched on proteins that can form oligomers and cluster in the membranes. The formation of these oligomers is favored by cholesterol and other lipid species. The described size of these domains is diverse, from 10–200 nm diameter, and their characteristics are sometimes associated with the lipid microenvironment ruling the interaction between cholesterol- and sphingolipids and proteins enriched in these domains, gathering different proteins with different roles, in the same domain. Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane proteins by differential centrifugation and proteomic studies have revealed a remarkable diversity of proteins in these domains. The limited size of the lipid membrane nanodomain challenges the simple possibility that all of them can coexist within the same lipid membrane domain.
  • 166
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Bio-Nanoparticles Mediated Transesterification of Algal Biomass
Immense use of fossil fuels leads to various environmental issues, including greenhouse gas emissions, reduced oil reserves, increased energy costs, global climate changes, etc. These challenges can be tackled by using alternative renewable fuels such as biodiesel. Many studies reported that biodiesel production from microalgae biomass is an environment-friendly and energy-efficient approach, with significantly improved fuel quality in terms of density, calorific value and viscosity. Biodiesel is produced using the transesterification process and the most sustainable method is utilizing enzymes for transesterification. Lipase is an enzyme with excellent catalytic activity, specificity, enantio-selectivity, compatibility and stability and hence it is applied in microalgae biodiesel production. But, difficulty in enzymatic recovery, high enzyme cost and minimal reaction rate are some of its drawbacks that have to be addressed. In this aspect, the nanotechnological approach of lipase immobilization in producing microalgae biodiesel is a promising way to increase production yield and it is due to the adsorption efficiency, economic benefit, recyclability, crystallinity, durability, stability, environmental friendliness and catalytic performance of the bio-nanoparticles used. Through increasing post-harvest biomass yield, absorption of CO2 and photosynthesis in the photobioreactor, the use of nanoparticle immobilized lipase during the generation of biodiesel from microalgae has the potential to also remove feedstock availability constraints. 
  • 160
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ribosome Heterogeneity in Normal Cellular Function
The traditional perception of ribosomes as uniform molecular machines has been revolutionized by recent discoveries, revealing a complex landscape of ribosomal heterogeneity. Opposing the conventional belief in interchangeable ribosomal entities, emerging studies underscore the existence of specialized ribosomes, each possessing unique compositions and functions. Factors such as cellular and tissue specificity, developmental and physiological states, and external stimuli, including circadian rhythms, significantly influence ribosome compositions.
  • 140
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Quinces as Medicinal Fruits of the Rosaceae Family
Quince (Cydonia oblonga, Chaenomeles sp., and Pseuocydonia sinensis) fruits contain carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, carboxylic acids, triterpenes, and bioactive polyphenols. They are rich in antioxidants and chemical compounds that have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-allergic, and immunomodulatory effects. Their phytochemicals have been shown to effectively regulate glycemia and improve blood lipid profiles, suggesting potential anti-diabetic and cardioprotective benefits. The fruits of the Cydonia, Chaenomeles, and Pseuocydonia genera are morpholophically similar, which may make them difficult to distinguish.
  • 287
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have a significant impact on the pathophysiological processes associated with various diseases such as tumors, inflammation, and infection. They exhibit molecular, biochemical, and entry control characteristics similar to viral infections. Viruses, on the other hand, depend on host metabolic machineries to fulfill their biosynthetic requirements. Due to potential advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradation, and efficient immune activation, EVs have emerged as potential therapeutic targets against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. 
  • 94
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Breg-Mediated Immunoregulation in the Skin
Wound healing is a complex process involving a coordinated series of events aimed at restoring tissue integrity and function. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a subset of B lymphocytes that play an essential role in fine-tuning immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. Studies have suggested that Bregs are important players in cutaneous immunity. 
  • 137
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Feasibility of Bacteriophages in Substituting Antibiotics in Livestock
Bacteriophages, a class of viruses that exclusively infect bacteria, share a prolonged evolutionary history with their hosts. There are three life cycle modes including lytic, lysogenic, and chronic infection for bacteriophages. Bacteriophages possess a plethora of applications and potential in human bacterial diseases and enteropathogenic diseases of livestock and poultry, specifically in the direction of antibiotic substitution, which exhibits tremendous potential for practical applications.
  • 236
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Exosomal Cargos on Osteosarcoma Progression
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor with high metastasis. Poor prognosis highlights a clinical need for novel therapeutic strategies. Exosomes, also known as extracellular vesicles, have been identified as essential players in the modulation of cancer. OS-derived exosomes can drive pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic phenotypes by transferring specific cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, to neighboring cells, significantly impacting the regulation of cellular processes. 
  • 183
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Melanoma Antigen Family A in Bladder Cancer
The Melanoma Antigen Gene (MAGE) belongs to the larger family of cancer testis antigens. The MAGEA family were the first tumor-associated antigens identified at the molecular level whose expression was consistent in most human cancers and germinal cells. Aberrant expression of MAGEA family is noted in a majority of human malignancies, where they are associated with increased cancer cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to various therapies. This makes them an ideal biomarker and attractive therapeutic target in designing novel therapies.
  • 81
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Classification of Postbiotics
Postbiotics are (i) “soluble factors secreted by live bacteria, or released after bacterial lysis, such as enzymes, peptides, teichoic acids, peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides, polysaccharides, cell-surface proteins and organic acids”; (ii) “non-viable metabolites produced by microorganisms that exert biological effects on the hosts”; and (iii) “compounds produced by microorganisms, released from food components or microbial constituents, including non-viable cells that, when administered in adequate amounts, promote health and wellbeing”. A probiotic- and prebiotic-rich diet ensures an adequate supply of these vital nutrients. During the anaerobic fermentation of organic nutrients, such as prebiotics, postbiotics act as a benevolent bioactive molecule matrix. Postbiotics can be used as functional components in the food industry by offering a number of advantages, such as being added to foods that are harmful to probiotic survival. Postbiotic supplements have grown in popularity in the food, cosmetic, and healthcare industries because of their numerous health advantages. Their classification depends on various factors, including the type of microorganism, structural composition, and physiological functions. 
  • 283
  • 15 Jan 2024
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