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Topic Review
Pig Sedation and Anesthesia
Anesthesia plays a crucial role in ensuring the ethical treatment of research animals and obtaining reliable and accurate data. Pig anesthesia is a significant aspect of clinical veterinary practice, especially when performing surgical procedures, diagnostic imaging, various medical interventions, and scientific research procedures. Proper anesthesia protocols ensure that the animals are kept unconscious and do not experience pain or distress, which is not only ethically responsible but also needed by regulatory bodies and animal welfare standards.
  • 223
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ribonucleic Acid Degradation and Diagnostic Testing
Successful downstream molecular analyses of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) in diagnostic laboratories, e.g., reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or next-generation sequencing, are dependent on the quality of the RNA in the specimen. In swine specimens, preserving the integrity of RNA requires proper sample handling at the time the sample is collected on the farm, during transport, and in the laboratory until RNA extraction is performed. Options for proper handling are limited to maintaining the cold chain or using commercial specimen storage matrices.
  • 131
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Association of Matrix Metalloproteinases with CKD and PVD
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a risk factor for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular (CV) events, including peripheral vascular disease (PVD). This occurs because CKD encompasses several factors that lead to poor prognoses, mainly due to a reduction of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), the presence of proteinuria, and the uremic inflammatory milieu. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc-containing endopeptidases implicated in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, a systemic process in tissue homeostasis. MMPs play an important role in cell differentiation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and vascular damage. 
  • 163
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Infectious Agents Involved in Cutaneous Lymphoma Etiopathogenesis
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) belongs to the heterogeneous group of primary cutaneous lymphomas (CLs), the second most common extranodal non-Hodgkin hematological malignancy. CTCL accounts for approximately 75% of all CLs. Infectious agents are known to induce cancers by acting in either direct or indirect ways. Direct carcinogenesis is exerted, e.g., by the oncogenic viruses (papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, retroviruses, and herpesviruses, among others), which initiate infections leading, through direct virus-driven mechanisms, to malignant cell transformations. Indirect carcinogenesis is typically associated with chronic infections and inflammation. In CTCL, the malignant T-cell population consists of various clones that share a common TCR-Vß epitope, in contrast to the malignant T-lymphocyte clonal expansion characteristic of other lymphomas. Since the ability to initiate polyclonal T-cell expansion in a Vß-restricted manner is characteristic of pathogen-produced immunostimulatory molecules known as superantigens, it was proposed that in CTCL carcinogenesis a bacterial and/or viral superantigen might serve as the trigger of chronic antigen stimulation and excessive T-cell proliferation.
  • 148
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cell Death Pathways in Oral Cancer
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common and lethal type of head and neck cancer in the world. Variable response and acquisition of resistance to traditional therapies show that it is essential to develop novel strategies that can provide better outcomes for the patient. Activation of cell death pathways, such as the emerging forms of non-apoptotic programmed cell death, including ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, NETosis, parthanatos, mitoptosis and paraptosis, may represent clinically relevant novel therapeutic opportunities. 
  • 128
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Plant-Based Films and Hydrogels for Wound Healing
Skin is constantly exposed to injury and infectious agents that can compromise its structural integrity and cause wounds. When this occurs, microorganisms from the skin microbiota and external bacteria and fungi can penetrate the wound and cause an infection, which complicates the healing process. Nowadays, there are several types of wound dressings available to treat wounds, some of which are incorporated with antimicrobial agents. However, the number of microorganisms resistant to these substances is rising. Therefore, the search for new, natural alternatives such as essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts (PEs) is on the rise. 
  • 96
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Removal of Analgesics and Antibiotics by Laccases
Laccase is an enzyme belonging to the class of oxidoreductases. It catalyzes the four-electron oxidation of a substrate in the presence of molecular oxygen as a co-substrate to form water. The removal of pharmaceutically active substances by enzymes such as laccases has received considerable attention. Laccases were evaluated for their efficacy in degrading pharmaceutical substances across various categories, including analgesics, antibiotics, antiepileptics, antirheumatic drugs, cytostatics, hormones, anxiolytics, and sympatholytics.
  • 95
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Solubility of Oxygen and Hydrogen in Water
Produced by photosynthesis, oxygen (O2) is a fundamentally important gas in biological systems, playing roles as a terminal electron receptor in respiration and in host defence through the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydrogen (H2) plays a role in metabolism for some organisms, such as at thermal vents and in the gut environment, but has a role in controlling growth and development, and in disease states, both in plants and animals.
  • 340
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Zinc-Dependent Histone Deacetylases in Lung Endothelial Pathobiology
The intricate dynamics of endothelial cells (ECs), form a monolayer along blood vessel lumens and act as a semi-selective barrier between blood and interstitial spaces. In instances of inflammatory or toxic events, compromise of the lung EC barrier may lead to pulmonary edema, a crucial aspect of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The nuanced control of EC functions involves epigenetic mechanisms, particularly those mediated by zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs). Representing the largest HDAC subgroup, zinc-dependent HDACs are activated by Zn2+ and play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation by modifying chromatin structure and deacetylating non-histone proteins.
  • 179
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Family in Medieval Society
One of the periods with the greatest social, cultural, and religious changes was, without a doubt, the European medieval period. The concept of “Family” was one of the fields that gradually evolved, from individuals who shared the same biological lineage, to members of the same “House”. One of the ways to study the concept of “Family” in ancient periods is through a bioarchaeological perspective, where both anthropology and genetics have proven to be essential disciplines for studying “Families”. Through burial rituals, observing whether the graves were single or multiple, as is carried out in the study of human remains, it discusses the profound contribution of anthropology to the “Family” investigation, through mobility studies, the investigation of biological sex, observing certain congenital anomalies or, even, the study of certain ancient infectious diseases. Concerning genetics, the study of bones or teeth allows us to determine whether individuals were from the same close family or if they belonged to the same lineage through the maternal and paternal sides, being one of the only scientific ways of proposing social relationships between individuals, such as that created through adoption.
  • 514
  • 28 Feb 2024
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