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Topic Review
Servaline Genet
The Servaline Genet (Genetta servalina) is a sleek and agile carnivore found in sub-Saharan Africa, known for its slender body, long tail, and distinctive coat pattern of spots and stripes. Despite its resemblance to a small cat, the Servaline Genet is a member of the Viverridae family, exhibiting a unique blend of feline and mongoose-like characteristics. Typically nocturnal and solitary, these elusive creatures are adept climbers and hunters, preying on a variety of small vertebrates and insects in their forested habitats.
  • 150
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Ethiopian Wolf
The Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis) is a highly specialized and critically endangered canid species endemic to the Afroalpine ecosystems of the Ethiopian Highlands. With its distinctive russet-colored coat and slender build, this medium-sized wolf stands as Africa's most endangered carnivore, facing numerous threats to its survival. As a top predator and keystone species, the Ethiopian Wolf plays a crucial role in regulating prey populations and maintaining ecosystem balance in its unique Afroalpine habitat.
  • 229
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Asian Black Bear
The Asian Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) is a formidable and iconic species native to various habitats across Asia, from dense forests to mountainous regions. Recognizable by its sleek black fur and distinctive white V-shaped chest marking, this bear species is renowned for its omnivorous diet and remarkable climbing abilities. Despite facing threats such as habitat loss and poaching, conservation efforts aim to protect the Asian Black Bear and its critical role in maintaining the ecological balance of Asian ecosystems.
  • 241
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Crab-eating Fox
The Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a canid species native to South America, recognized for its specialized diet and adaptable behavior. Despite its name, the Crab-eating Fox primarily consumes a wide variety of foods, including small mammals, birds, insects, fruits, and carrion. With its distinctive reddish-brown fur and bushy tail, the Crab-eating Fox occupies diverse habitats ranging from forests and grasslands to urban areas across its range.
  • 186
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Fennec Fox
The Fennec Fox (Vulpes zerda) is a small, desert-dwelling fox species known for its distinctive large ears, which serve to dissipate heat and detect prey underground. Native to the arid regions of North Africa, particularly the Sahara Desert, the Fennec Fox is supremely adapted to its harsh environment, with specialized physiological and behavioral traits that enable survival in extreme conditions. Despite its diminutive size, the Fennec Fox is a highly efficient predator, preying on insects, small mammals, and birds, and its charming appearance has made it a popular subject of fascination and conservation efforts worldwide
  • 560
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Swift Fox
The Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) is a small, elusive canid species native to the grasslands and prairies of North America. Known for its remarkable agility and swift movements, the Swift Fox is aptly named and is one of the fastest running mammals in its habitat. Despite facing historical declines due to habitat loss and persecution, conservation efforts have led to the recovery of Swift Fox populations, highlighting their resilience and importance in North American grassland ecosystems.
  • 154
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Mammalian Synapse by the Post-Translational Modification SUMOylation
Neurotransmission occurs within highly specialized compartments forming the active synapse where the complex organization and dynamics of the interactions are tightly orchestrated both in time and space. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are central to these spatiotemporal regulations to ensure an efficient synaptic transmission. SUMOylation is a dynamic PTM that modulates the interactions between proteins and consequently regulates the conformation, the distribution and the trafficking of the SUMO-target proteins. SUMOylation plays a crucial role in synapse formation and stabilization, as well as in the regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity. 
  • 220
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Red Fox
The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a highly adaptable mammal belonging to the Canidae family, widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Renowned for its stunning reddish-orange fur and bushy tail, the Red Fox is a proficient predator, preying on small mammals, birds, and even insects. Its remarkable ability to thrive in various habitats, from forests to urban areas, has cemented its status as one of the most successful carnivores worldwide.
  • 299
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Autocrine IGF-II-Associated Cancers
The paraneoplastic syndrome referred in the literature as non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) and extra-pancreatic tumor hypoglycemia (EPTH) was first reported almost a century ago, and the role of cancer-secreted IGF-II in causing this blood glucose-lowering condition has been widely established. The landscape emerging, based on molecular and cellular findings, supports a broader role for IGF-II in cancer biology beyond its involvement in the paraneoplastic syndrome. In particular, a few key findings are constantly observed during tumorigenesis, (a) a relative and absolute increase in fetal insulin receptor isoform (IRA) content, with (b) an increase in IGF-II high-molecular weight cancer-variants (big-IGF-II), and (c) a stage-progressive increase in the IGF-II autocrine signal in the cancer cell, mostly during the transition from benign to malignant growth. An increasing and still under-exploited combinatorial pattern of the IGF-II signal in cancer is shaping up in the literature with respect to its transducing receptorial system and effector intracellular network. Interestingly, while surgical and clinical reports have traditionally restricted IGF-II secretion to a small number of solid malignancies displaying paraneoplastic hypoglycemia, a retrospective literature analysis, along with publicly available expression data from patient-derived cancer cell lines conveyed in the present perspective, clearly suggests that IGF-II expression in cancer is a much more common event, especially in overt malignancy.
  • 115
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Effects of PACAP on Schwann Cells
Schwann cells, the most abundant glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, represent the key players able to supply extracellular microenvironment for axonal regrowth and restoration of myelin sheaths on regenerating axons. Following nerve injury, Schwann cells respond adaptively to damage by acquiring a new phenotype. In particular, some of them localize in the distal stump to form the Bungner band, a regeneration track in the distal site of the injured nerve, whereas others produce cytokines involved in recruitment of macrophages infiltrating into the nerve damaged area for axonal and myelin debris clearance. Several neurotrophic factors, including pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), promote survival and axonal elongation of injured neurons. 
  • 107
  • 08 Mar 2024
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