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Topic Review
Spandrel
In evolutionary biology, a spandrel is a phenotypic trait that is a byproduct of the evolution of some other characteristic, rather than a direct product of adaptive selection. Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin brought the term into biology in their 1979 paper "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme". Adaptationism is a point of view that sees most organismal traits as adaptive products of natural selection. Gould and Lewontin sought to temper what they saw as adaptationist bias by promoting a more structuralist view of evolution. The term "spandrel" originates from architecture, where it refers to the roughly triangular spaces between the top of an arch and the ceiling.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nucleoside Analogs
As the non-naturally occurring biomolecules, modified DNA/RNA nucleoside and oligonucleotide analogues composed of L-(deoxy)riboses, have been designed and applied as innovative therapeutics with superior plasma stability, weakened cytotoxicity, and inexistent immunogenicity.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
GAPDH-Mediated Autophagy
The cytosolic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has pleiotropic functions independent of its canonical role in glycolysis. The GAPDH functional diversity is mainly due to post-translational modifications in different amino acid residues or due to protein–protein interactions altering its localization from cytosol to nucleus, mitochondria or extracellular microenvironment. Non-glycolytic functions of GAPDH include the regulation of cell death, autophagy, DNA repair and RNA export, and they are observed in physiological and pathological conditions as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Presentation in Autoimmunity
Antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules is crucial for eliciting an efficient immune response by CD4+ T cells and maintaining self-antigen tolerance. Some MHC-II alleles are known to be positively or negatively associated with the risk of the development of different autoimmune diseases (ADs), including those characterized by the emergence of autoreactive T cells. Apparently, the MHC-II presentation of self-antigens contributes to the autoimmune T cell response, initiated through a breakdown of central tolerance to self-antigens in the thymus. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Anticancer Properties of Eugenol
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) (Family Myrtaceae) is a highly prized spice that has been historically utilized as a food preservative and for diverse medical uses. It is reckoned amongst the valued sources of phenolics. Among diverse active components, eugenol, the principal active component of S. aromaticum, has optimistic properties comprising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer actions. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a musky oil that is mainly obtained from clove. It has long been utilized all over the world as a result of its broad properties like antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Anticancer effects of eugenol are accomplished by various mechanisms like inducing cell death, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis on several cancer cell lines. Besides, eugenol might be utilized as an adjunct remedy for patients who are treated with conventional chemotherapy. This combination leads to a boosted effectiveness with decreased toxicity.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Exosome
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles generated inside cells during the maturation of endosomes into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and then released into the extracellular space.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Hyacinthus orientalis L.
Hyacinthus orientalis L., commonly known as hyacinth, is one of the most important cultivated plants around the world. The cultivars of this species are characterised by their flowers with strong fragrances and a wide range of attractive colours, which make them a beloved option among ornamentals. The chloroplast genomes of Hyacinthus cultivars ranged from 154,458 bp to 154,641 bp, while those of Bellevalia paradoxa and Scilla siberica were 154,020 bp and 154,943 bp, respectively. Each chloroplast genome was annotated with 133 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 38 transfer RNA genes and 8 ribosomal RNA genes.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Hsp70 and Hsp90
Hsp70, Hsp90, and their co-chaperones are crucial members of the proteostasis network that are able to recognize misfolded proteins, aberrant condensates and protein aggregates, triaging proteins for refolding or degradation. These members of the chaperome are considered major sentinels impeding the molecular processes that lead to cell damage in the course of degenerative proteinopathies. Indeed, Hsp70, Hsp90 and their co-chaperones are increasingly recognized as therapeutic targets for the development of treatments against prevalent protein misfolding diseases.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Chromosome 19
Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. Two copies of chromosome 19, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Challenges in Food Composition
Food composition data is important for stakeholders and users active in the areas of food, nutrition and health. New challenges related to the quality of food composition data reflect the dynamic changes in these areas while the emerging technologies create new opportunities. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
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