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HandWiki. Spandrel. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31432 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Spandrel. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31432. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Spandrel" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31432 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 26). Spandrel. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31432
HandWiki. "Spandrel." Encyclopedia. Web. 26 October, 2022.
Spandrel
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Spandrel

In evolutionary biology, a spandrel is a phenotypic trait that is a byproduct of the evolution of some other characteristic, rather than a direct product of adaptive selection. Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin brought the term into biology in their 1979 paper "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme". Adaptationism is a point of view that sees most organismal traits as adaptive products of natural selection. Gould and Lewontin sought to temper what they saw as adaptationist bias by promoting a more structuralist view of evolution. The term "spandrel" originates from architecture, where it refers to the roughly triangular spaces between the top of an arch and the ceiling.

spandrel spandrels phenotypic trait

References

  1. (Gould and Lewontin 1979 {{}})
  2. Wagner, Günter P., Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation. Princeton University Press. 2014. Chapter 1: The Intellectual Challenge of Morphological Evolution: A Case for Variational Structuralism. Page 7
  3. Gould, Stephen Jay; Vrba, Elizabeth S. (1982). "Exaptation — a missing term in the science of form". Paleobiology 8 (1): 4–15. doi:10.1017/S0094837300004310.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0094837300004310
  4. (Gould 1997 {{}})
  5. Dennett, Daniel C. (1996). "The Scope of Natural Selection". Boston Review (October/November 1996). http://new.bostonreview.net/archives/BR21.5/dennett.html. 
  6. Orr, H. Allen (1996). "Dennett's Strange Idea". Boston Review (Summer 1996). http://bostonreview.net/archives/BR21.3/Orr.html. 
  7. Gould, 1997. Abstract
  8. Gould, 1997, pp. 10752–10753
  9. Gould, 1991
  10. Yong, E. 2016. We’re the Only Animals With Chins, and No One Knows Why.
  11. Pampush, J. D. 2015. Selection played a role in the evolution of the human chin. Journal of Human Evolution 82:127–136.
  12. Chomsky, N., Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. Praeger, New York. (1986).
  13. Gould, S. J. 1997. Evolution: The Pleasures of Pluralism. New York Review of Books.
  14. Pinker and Jackendoff, 2005
  15. Pinker and Bloom, 1990
  16. Newmeyer, 1998
  17. Botha, 2001
  18. Pinker, Steven (1997). How the Mind Works. Penguin. pp. 528, 524. ISBN 0-14-024491-3. 
  19. Robin Dunbar, "On the Evolutionary Function of Song and Dance", in N. Bannan (ed.) Music, Language, and Human Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 201-202.
  20. See also Honing, Henkjan; ten Cate, Carel; Peretz, Isabelle; Trehub, Sandra E. (2015). "Without it no music: cognition, biology and evolution of musicality". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370 (1664): 20140088. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0088. ISSN 0962-8436. PMID 25646511.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4321129
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