Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Bacteriophages in Agriculture
Bacteriophages, more commonly referred to as phages, are a class of viruses discovered for their bactericidal effects even before the discovery of penicillin and other antibiotics. An increasingly popular alternative to antibiotics is bacteriophages to control bacterial diseases. Their unique bactericidal properties make them an ideal alternative to antibiotics, as many countries begin to restrict the usage of antibiotics in agriculture. The recent evidence from within the past decade on the efficacy of phage therapy on common foodborne pathogens are analyzed, namely, Escherica coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter jejuni. 
  • 923
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Tools in Circular Building Environment
The circular economy (CE) has become a trend because concern has arisen regarding the end of life of several products and the reduction of CO2 emissions in many processes.
  • 923
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Water–Energy–Food Nexus
The availability of water, energy and food plays a key role in meeting the basic needs of the world population and allowing them to achieve prosperity and supports the UN’s sustainable development goals (SDGs). These three fundamental resources are closely interrelated, with their deep interdependencies reflected in various concepts of the ‘water–energy–food nexus’ (W–E–F).
  • 921
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Pedro JM Costa
My research focus on the study of coastal processes using geomorphological and sedimentological data coupled with physical and numerical modeling to understand morphological and sediment changes caused by natural hazards (e.g. tsunamis and storms) and their impacts on the environment. I also work on the establishment of provenance relationships in siliciclastic sediments, aspects of aeolian sediment transport, Antarctic soils, Mars geology and geoarchaeological studies.
  • 921
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
List of Minerals U–V (Complete)
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letters U and V. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). The list is divided into groups: The data was exported from mindat.org on 29 April 2005; updated up to 'IMA2018'. The minerals are sorted by name, followed by the structural group (rruff.info/ima and ima-cnmnc by mineralienatlas.de, mainly) or chemical class (mindat.org and basics), the year of publication (if it's before of an IMA approval procedure), the IMA approval and the Nickel–Strunz code. The first link is to mindat.org, the second link is to webmineral.com, and the third is to the Handbook of Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America).
  • 920
  • 07 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gorgonopsia
Gorgonopsia (from the Greek Gorgon, a mythological beast, and óps 'aspect') is an extinct clade of sabre-toothed therapsids from the Middle to Upper Permian roughly 265 to 252 million years ago. They are characterised by a long and narrow skull, as well as elongated upper and sometimes lower canine teeth and incisors which were likely used as slashing and stabbing weapons. Postcanine teeth are generally reduced or absent. For hunting large prey, they possibly used a bite-and-retreat tactic, ambushing and taking a debilitating bite out of the target, and following it at a safe distance before its injuries exhausted it, whereupon the gorgonopsian would grapple the animal and deliver a killing bite. They would have had an exorbitant gape, possibly in excess of 90°, without having to unhinge the jaw. They markedly increased in size as time went on, growing from small skull lengths of 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in the Middle Permian to bear-like proportions of up to 60 cm (2 ft) in the Upper Permian. The latest gorgonopsians, Rubidgeinae, were the most robust of the group and could produce especially powerful bites. Gorgonopsians are thought to have been completely terrestrial and could walk with a semi-erect gait, with a similar terrestrial locomotory range as modern crocodilians. They may have been more agile than their prey items, but were probably inertial homeotherms rather than endotherms unlike contemporary therocephalians and cynodonts, and thus were probably comparatively less active. Though gorgonopsians were able to maintain a rather high body temperature, it is unclear if they would have also had sweat glands or fur (and by extension whiskers and related structures). Their brains were reminiscent of modern reptilian brains, rather than those of living mammals. Most species may have been predominantly diurnal (active during the day) though some could have been crepuscular (active at dawn or dusk) or nocturnal (active at night). They are thought to have had binocular vision, a parietal eye (which detects sunlight and maintains circadian rhythm), a keen sense of smell, a functional vomeronasal organ ("Jacobson's organ"), and possibly a rudimentary eardrum. The major therapsid groups had all evolved by 275 million years ago from a "pelycosaur" ancestor (a poorly defined group including all synapsids which are not therapsids). The therapsid takeover from pelycosaurs took place by the Middle Permian as the world progressively became drier. Gorgonopsians rose to become apex predators of their environments following the Capitanian mass extinction event which killed off the dinocephalians and some large therocephalians after the Middle Permian. Despite the existence of a single continent during the Permian, Pangaea, gorgonopsians have only been found in the Karoo Supergroup (primarily in South Africa, but also in Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi), the Moradi Formation of Niger, and western Russia, with probable remains known from the Kundaram Formation of India. These places were semi-arid areas with highly seasonal rainfall. Gorgonopsian genera vary very little, and consequently, many species have been named based on flimsy and likely age-related differences since their discovery in the late 19th century, and the group has been subject to several taxonomic revisions. They became extinct during a phase of the Permian–Triassic extinction event taking place at the very end of the Permian, in which major volcanic activity (which would produce the Siberian Traps) and resultant massive spike in greenhouse gases caused rapid aridification due to temperature spike, acid rain, frequent wildfires, and potential breakdown of the ozone layer. The large predatory niches would be taken over by the archosaurs (namely crocodilians and dinosaurs) in the Mesozoic.
  • 920
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Field Measurement Studies on Indoor Air Quality
The Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is one of the key factors that influence the quality of the indoor environment, as well as the human health.
  • 920
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
List of Tropical Cyclone-spawned Tornadoes
Intense tropical cyclones usually produce tornadoes, the majority of those weak, especially upon landfall.
  • 919
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Soil Remediation Strategy
Although soil is a valuable and non-renewable ecological system, it has always been subject to widespread degradation due to anthropic activities. The most severe risks are point source and diffuse soil pollution. The remediation of contaminated soils and sites is, therefore, a significant step in the protection of the environment and living organisms, and must be included in the broader multidisciplinary scenario of strategic green transition.
  • 919
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Forward Osmosis in Wastewater Treatment
Forward osmosis (FO), driven by the osmotic pressure difference between solutions divided by a semi-permeable membrane, has been recognised as a potential energy-efficient filtration process with a low tendency for fouling and a strong ability to filtrate highly polluted wastewater.
  • 918
  • 02 Jul 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 270
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback