Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Participative Decision-Making
Participative decision-making (PDM) is the extent to which employers allow or encourage employees to share or participate in organizational decision-making (Probst, 2005). According to (Cotton Vollrath), the format of PDM could be formal or informal. In addition, the degree of participation could range from zero to 100% in different participative management (PM) stages (Cotton et al. 1988; Black & Gregersen 1997; Brenda, 2001). PDM is one of many ways in which an organization can make decisions. The leader must think of the best possible style that will allow the organization to achieve the best results. According to psychologist Abraham Maslow, workers need to feel a sense of belonging to an organization (see Maslow's hierarchy of needs).
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mushrooms for Soil Improvement
The main fields in which mushroom cultivation could improve soil quality may include (1) soil erosion control, (2) improving soil aggregates, (3) increasing soil organic matter, (4) enhancing soil nutrition, (5) promoting C, and NPK cycling, and (6) the bioremediation of polluted soils.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Microglia Purinoceptor P2Y6
The purinergic receptor P2Y6 is expressed in immune cells, including microglia that are implicated in neurological disorders. Its ligand, UDP, is a signaling molecule that can serve as a "find‐me" signal when released in significant quantities by damaged/dying cells. Binding of UDP by P2Y6R leads to the activation of different biochemical pathways, depending on the disease context and the pathological environment. Generally, P2Y6R stimulates phagocytosis. However, whether or not phagocytosis coincides with cell activation or secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, needs further investigations.  The current review aims to discuss various functions of P2Y6R in some CNS disorders. We present evidence that P2Y6R may have a detrimental or beneficial role in the nervous system, in the context of neurological pathologies, such as ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, radiation-induced brain injury, neuropathic pain.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The Effects of Collagen Treatment in Clinical Studies
Collagen is a good treatment candidate for OA among the different therapeutic options due to its safety and clinical evidence. Two different approaches for collagen include collagen hydrolysates and native collagen and both types of collagen nutraceuticals are effective in reducing OA pain, in animal models and human clinical trials. Native collagen, which may be poorly absorbed, could work through a mechanism of oral induction, and hydrolyzed collagen can reach the target site where collagen synthesis is needed.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Electrospun Nanofibers for Skin Tissue Engineering
Surface modification of electrospun products has been an attractive method for increasing multifunctionality and biocompatibility properties. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
PM0.1 in Southeast Asian Cities
PM0.1 (particles with a diameter ≤ 0.1 µm), nanoparticles (NPs), or ultrafine particles (UFPs) were interchangeably used in the scientific communities. PM0.1 originated from both natural and human sources.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Delpazolid for Tuberculosis Treatment
A novel oxazolidinone with cyclic amidrazone, delpazolid (LCB01-0371), was synthesized by LegoChem BioSciences, Inc. (Daejeon, Korea). Delpazolid can improve the minimum bactericidal concentration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and significantly reduce resistance rates,especially of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolates, compared with linezolid. Therefore, delpazolid can be used to treat MDR-TB. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of delpazolid have been evaluated in a phase 1 clinical trial, which revealed that it does not cause adverse events such as myelosuppression even after three weeks of repeated dosing. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represents the focus of the biomedical research worldwide. The identification of the molecular events related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the characterization of its clinical features, could put an end to this dramatic health emergency. In this scenario, the interpretation of histopathological data in light of the clinical imaging characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection can provide the scientific rationale to develop diagnostic and therapeutic protocols that are capable of improving the management of infected patients. Specifically, morphological and molecular analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected tissues could highlight new useful prognostic and predictive biomarkers for in vivo investigations.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Wall Mosaics: on-site non-invasive diagnostics
This entry concerns the challenges and perspectives of on-site non-invasive measurements applied to valuable wall mosaics. The choice of the appropriate technique or combination of different techniques depends on a variety of factors: the depth of investigation, the resolution, the possibility to have direct contact with the surfaces or, on the contrary, limited accessibility of the wall mosaics due to their location (e.g., vaults), as well as deterioration problems, (e.g., voids, detachments, or humidity effects). This entry illustrates briefly the current state of the art in the field of non-invasive diagnostic methodsavailable for the study of wall mosaics (IRT, GPR, DHSPI, DHSPI-SIRT, SLDV, HSR), considering their potentials, limitations and future development frontiers. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Catalysts Used in Pollutant Ozonation
The objective of this study was to summarize the results obtained in a wide research project carried out for more than 15 years on the catalytic activity of di erent catalysts (activated carbon, metal–carbon xerogels/aerogels, iron-doped silica xerogels, ruthenium metal complexes, reduced graphene oxide-metal oxide composites, and zeolites) in the photooxidation (by using UV or solar radiation) and ozonation of water pollutants, including herbicides, naphthalenesulfonic acids, sodium para-chlorobenzoate, nitroimidazoles, tetracyclines, parabens, sulfamethazine, sodium diatrizoate, cytarabine, and surfactants. All catalysts were synthesized and then texturally, chemically, and electronically characterized using numerous experimental techniques, including N2 and CO2 adsorption, mercury porosimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray di raction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, di use reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The behavior of these materials as photocatalysts and ozonation catalysts was related to their characteristics, and the catalytic mechanisms in these advanced oxidation processes were explored. Investigations were conducted into the e ects on pollutant degradation, total organic carbon reduction, and water toxicity of operational variables and the presence of di erent chemical species in ultrapure, surface, ground, and wastewaters. Finally, a review is provided of the most recent and relevant published studies on photocatalysis and catalyzed ozonation in water treatments using similar catalysts to those examined in our project.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
MTOR Signaling
The identification of mammalian TOR (mTOR; later renamed mechanistic target of rapamycin) soon followed, revealing that TOR/mTOR, a serine/threonine protein kinase, is a conserved protein kinase from yeast to man
  • 1.4K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Minerals and Mastitis in Cows
Inflammation of the mammary gland (mastitis) is an important disease in dairy cows. Among factors affecting the incidence of mastitis, mineral deficiencies are mentioned, since they strongly influence the immune system. Consequently, these deficiencies result in weakened immunity, which increases the risk of any infectious disease. The minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium, copper and zinc) interact differently with the immune system; nevertheless, their deficiencies invariably increase the risk of mastitis occurrence in dairy cows.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Low-Rank Coal as Humic Substances
Humic substances (HS), as important environmental components, are essential to soil health and agricultural sustainability. The usage of low-rank coal (LRC) for energy generation has declined considerably due to the growing popularity of renewable energy sources and gas. However, their potential as soil amendment aimed to maintain soil quality and productivity deserves more recognition.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Adoption Pathways for DC Power Distribution in Buildings
Driven by the proliferation of DC energy sources and DC end-use devices (e.g., photovoltaics, battery storage, solid-state lighting, and consumer electronics), DC power distribution in buildings has recently emerged as a path to improved efficiency, resilience, and cost savings in the transitioning building sector. Despite these important benefits, there are several technological and market barriers impeding the development of DC distribution, which have kept this technology at the demonstration phase.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Phycoremediation
The microalgae-based wastewater treatment process is one of the most promising technologies for the treatment and nutrient recovery of wastewaters from various sources (industrial, municipal, and agricultural): microalgae could be adapted to a variety of water bodies, can be extensively used to treat effluents, and could provide a tertiary biotreatment coupled with the production of potentially valuable biomass.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Calculating Nonlinear Hyperbolic Evolution Equations
Benchmark calculations of high-precision numerical scheme for nonlinear hyperbolic evolution equations are demonstrated. The scheme is based on the Fourier spectral method for spatial discretization and the implicit Runge-Kutta method for time discretization.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Waterborne Cadmium Exposure on Zebrafish intestine
Cadmium (Cd) is an extremely toxic heavy metal released in the environment due to a plethora of anthropic processes. Here focused on the effects of two sublethal cadmium concentrations on cells of the gastrointestinal surface epithelium with particular attention to changes in the distribution of glycan residues and the morphological features of the intestine. To evaluate the defense response of the mucosa, the expression of metallothionein was investigated. Data demonstrate that cadmium modifies the presence and/or distribution of glycans in the brush border and cytoplasm of enterocytes and in the goblet cells cytoplasm. Results suggest a significant interference of cadmium, in dose and site-dependent manner, with mucosal efficiency. This effect could be a direct health risk for the organism exposed to the contamination and indirectly a risk for the trophic chain.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Technological Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence Algor-ethics
Since 2018, a new terminology has been developed, called Algor-ethics, indicating the necessity for a dedicated study concerning the evaluation of an ethics applied to technology, to Algorithms and to Artificial Intelligence (AI). At the same time, since 1987, when the concept of sustainability was introduced, the discussion on this issue has become increasingly lively and has now spread to every area of life. An application of the concept of sustainability to technological processes and in particular to the elaboration of AI systems, for the construction of an ethics that could confer meaning, motivations and impetus in using new technologies and Artificial Intelligence is proposed here. Researchers first try to build an ethical framework, here called Dynamical Techno-Algor-Ethical Composition, to define the interaction between the most important ethical ingredients involving the human person in relation to technology, taking a person-centered approach. Out of this it will emerge a possible structure and definition of Technological Sustainability. The second step consist of evaluating the process for the elaboration of an AI algorithm as a concrete application of the previously analyzed framework, to set ethical contents composing what researchers might call a good and sustainable algorithm.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Application of CRISPR-Cas in Parkinson’s Disease
In 1987, bacteria were found to insert 32-nt (nucleotide) spacer sequences into 29-nt repeat sequences in CRISPR loci whenever they came into contact with phage DNA, leading to the discovery of the CRISPR-Cas system. The CRISPR-Cas-based technology can be employed as a new genome-editing tool in various organisms. The new gene-editing technique holds great promise for research and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's disease (PD), for which there are currently no effective disease-modifying treatments.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Trending Methods for Rapid Cannabinoids Detection
Roadside testing of illicit drugs such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) requires simple, rapid, and cost-effective methods. The need for non-invasive detection tools has led to the development of selective and sensitive platforms, able to detect phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids by means of their main metabolites in breath, saliva, and urine samples. One may estimate the time passed from drug exposure and the frequency of use by corroborating the detection results with pharmacokinetic data. Modified surfaces can also act as filters that allow only the target analyte to participate in the electrode reaction. In the case of cannabinoids, as in the case of other drugs, the investigation of the mechanism of action within the organism is the basis of biosensor development.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Nov 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2800
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback