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Topic Review
VEGF
VEGF-A (also called VEGF) is a member of the mammalian platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) supergene family which also includes VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D and placental growth factor (PlGF).
  • 1.4K
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
The Gender Gap in Infertility
The gender impact assessment (GIA) can be defined as an ex ante or ex post evaluation, analysis, or assessment of law, policy, or programme that helps to identify the likelihood of a decision having negative consequences for equality between women and men. GIA is aimed at improving the design and planning policy to prevent a negative effect on gender equality and improve gender equality through gender-oriented strategies.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Drought/Salt Tolerance in Wheat
Drought and salinity are major constraints to agriculture. Here, we present an overview of the global situation and the consequences of drought and salt stress connected to climatic changes. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Solid State NMR Spectroscopy
Solid-state NMR relaxometry has established its position in food science, including the determination of moisture content, solid fat content and much more and shown to be complementary to traditional microscopic techniques in studying the phase morphology of blended materials used in semiconductive polymer-based devices .
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Macrophages in Atherosclerosis Development
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic disease that has a prominent inflammatory component. Currently, atherosclerosis is regarded as an active autoimmune process that involves both innate and adaptive immune pathways. One of the drivers of this process is the presence of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL). For instance, lipoprotein oxidation leads to the formation of oxidation-specific epitopes (OSE) that can be recognized by the immune cells. Macrophage response to OSEs is recognized as a key trigger for initiation and a stimulator of progression of the inflammatory process in the arteries. At the same time, the role of oxidized LDL components is not limited to pro-inflammatory stimulation, but includes immunoregulatory effects that can have protective functions. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Development of Organic Food Sector
Our study aimed to explore the factors limiting the development of the organic food sector in Poland from the perspective of processing, distributing, and retailing companies. We used a qualitative approach with in-depth semi-structured interviews with the management board representatives of 17 large- and medium-sized enterprises and the owners of 10 small and medium companies. The potential limiting factors, including legal, economic, technological, and environmental factors, were identified by reviewing the corporate and market reports of processing and retailing companies operating in the Polish organic sector.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Physical Activity for the Elderly Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention
Cardiovascular disease prevention in the general population, and especially in older adults, starts from lifestyle modification. To prevent cardiovascular disease not just in elderly patients, but in all age groups, it is recommended to avoid a sedentary lifestyle and to exercise within the limits of individual tolerance. It is common knowledge that physical exercise has a positive impact on improving health and quality of life. In the elderly, regular exercise can exert an important contribution in reducing falls, maintaining good physical function and maintaining a good quality of life.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Focal Adhesion Kinase Inhibitors
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase over-expressed and activated in both adult and pediatric cancers, where it plays important roles in the regulation of pathogenesis and progression of the malignant phenotype. FAK exerts its functions in cancer by two different ways: a kinase activity in the cytoplasm, mainly dependent on the integrin signaling, and a scaffolding activity into the nucleus by networking with different gene expression regulators. For this reason, FAK has to be considered a target with high therapeutic values. Indeed, evidence suggests that FAK targeting could be effective, either alone or in combination, with other already available treatments.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Chromatoid Bodies in the Regulation of Spermatogenesis
The CB is a membrane-less perinuclear organelle present in male germ cells which serve as storehouse for mRNAs transported by RNA binding and transport proteins like GRTH/DDX25. It also serves as a processing center of mRNAs awaiting translation during later stages of spermatogenesis. These CBs are involved in diverse pathways like RNA transport, decay, surveillance and regulate the stability of mRNAs to secure the correct timing of protein expression at different stages of spermiogenesis.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of irAE Colitis
Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment has shown revolutionary therapeutic effects in various carcinomas. However, immune-related adverse events (irAE) following the treatment can sometimes lead to treatment discontinuation. One such frequently encountered adverse event is immune-related colitis (irAE colitis). Corticosteroids (CS) are the first-line treatment for irAE colitis, but we often encounter CS-refractory or resistant cases. Application of multiple biologics has been proposed as a therapeutic drug to be administered after CS treatment; however, the efficacy and safety of biologics for patients with irAE colitis who do not respond to CS have not been established. The treatment regimens available for irAE colitis is summarized, focusing on the mechanism of action of corticosteroids, infliximab, vedolizumab, and other drugs.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Preparation of Organosiloxane Telechelics by Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization
Polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) telechelics are important both in industry and in academic research. They are used both in the free state and as part of copolymers and cross-linked materials. The most important, practically used, and well-studied method for the preparation of such PDMS is diorganosiloxane ring-opening polymerization (ROP) in the presence of nucleophilic or electrophilic initiators. Cationic ROP is also of interest for the preparation of functional PDMS. The advantage of this process is that it can be carried out at a relatively low temperature, the catalyst can be easily deactivated, and the process can also be used to synthesize polysiloxanes having base-sensitive substituents such as Si–H or Si–(CH2)3–SH.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Exosome-Mediated Immunosuppression in Tumor Microenvironments
Exosomes are membranous structures secreted by nearly all cell types. As critical messengers for intercellular communication, exosomes deliver bioactive cargoes to recipient cells and are involved in multiple physiopathological processes, including immunoregulation. This pioneering research revealed that cancer cells release programmed death-ligand 1-positive exosomes into the circulation to counter antitumor immunity systemically via T cells. Tumor cell-derived exosomes (TDEs) also play an immunosuppressive role in other immunocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Moreover, exosomes secreted by nontumor cells in the tumor microenvironments (TMEs) also exert immunosuppressive effects.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis technique. It is surface-sensitive due to its limited sampling depth, which confines the analysis only to the outer few top-layers of the material surface. This enables researchers to understand the surface composition of the sample and how the chemistry influences its interaction with the environment. 
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Jul 2022
Topic Review
PIXE and XRF in Heritage Science
Analytical techniques play a fundamental role in heritage science (HS). Among them, Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) techniques are widely used in many laboratories for elemental composition analysis. Although they are well-established, a strong effort is put on their upgrade, making them suitable for more and more applications. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Current Challenges in Breast Implantation
Breast implantation (BI) is the most common plastic surgery worldwide performed among women. Generally, BI is performed both in aesthetic and oncoplastic procedures. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ionic Liquids in Drug Delivery Systems
Advancements in the fields of ionic liquids (ILs) broaden its applications not only in traditional use but also in different pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Ionic liquids “Solutions for Your Success” have received a lot of interest from scientists due to a myriad of applications in the pharmaceutical industry for drug delivery systems as well as targeting different diseases. Solubility is a critical physicochemical property that determines the drug’s fate at the target site. Many promising drug candidates fail in various phases of drug research due to poor solubility.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanosystems and Inflammation
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan that has a well-known ability to bind with the cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) receptor on classically activated M1 macrophages. HA-nanosystems can be used for targeted drug delivery to counter inflammation and, subsequently, pain.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Green Infrastructure in Spatial Planning
Adaptation to climate change is becoming one of the main paradigms for how cities function and develop. The significant role of green infrastructure (GI) as a tool for cities to adapt to climate change is increasingly emphasized among practitioners of spatial planning and in the research literature. Green infrastructure should be understood as "a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services. It incorporates green spaces (or blue if aquatic ecosystems are concerned) and other physical features in terrestrial (including coastal) and marine areas".
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Gratitude in Positive Psychology Interventions
Positive psychology interventions (PPIs) are a relatively novel field consisting of “treatment methods or intentional activities that aim to cultivate positive feelings, behaviors, or cognitions". They have demonstrated various findings in promoting mental health in different settings, such as schools, workplaces, organizations, etc. Gratitude constitutes a positive psychology factor, which is displayed as a working mechanism of change in interventions using gratitude exercises that aim to promote well-being.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hematological Analysis in Fish Toxicology
Hematological analysis is commonly used to assess the physiological state of fish. It includes red blood cell parameters, white blood cell parameters, and the number of thrombocytes per blood volume unit. Hematological analysis is one of the basic tools (often accompanied by biochemical and histopathological analyses) to assess the influence of organic and inorganic substances on fish. It is, therefore, applicable in both ecotoxicology and pharmacotoxicology. 
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Aug 2023
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