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Topic Review
Electromechanics
In engineering, electromechanics combines processes and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each other. This process is especially prominent in systems such as those of DC or AC rotating electrical machines which can be designed and operated to generate power from a mechanical process (generator) or used to power a mechanical effect (motor). Electrical engineering in this context also encompasses electronics engineering. Electromechanical devices are ones which have both electrical and mechanical processes. Strictly speaking, a manually operated switch is an electromechanical component due to the mechanical movement causing an electrical output. Though this is true, the term is usually understood to refer to devices which involve an electrical signal to create mechanical movement, or vice versa mechanical movement to create an electric signal. Often involving electromagnetic principles such as in relays, which allow a voltage or current to control another, usually isolated circuit voltage or current by mechanically switching sets of contacts, and solenoids, by which a voltage can actuate a moving linkage as in solenoid valves. Before the development of modern electronics, electromechanical devices were widely used in complicated subsystems of parts, including electric typewriters, teleprinters, clocks, initial television systems, and the very early electromechanical digital computers. Solid-state electronics have replaced electromechanics in many applications.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CED9 (Gene)
Cell death abnormality gene 9 (CED-9), also known as apoptosis regulator CED-9, is a gene found in Caenorhabditis elegans that inhibits/represses programmed cell death (apoptosis). The gene was discovered while searching for mutations in the apoptotic pathway after the discovery of the apoptosis promoting genes CED-3 and CED-4. The gene gives rise to the apoptosis regulator CED-9 protein found as an Integral membrane protein in the mitochondrial membrane. The protein is homologous to the human apoptotic regulator Bcl-2 as well as all other proteins in the Bcl-2 protein family. CED-9 is involved in the inhibition of CED-4 which is the activator of the CED-3 caspase. Because of the pathway homology with humans as well as the specific protein homology, CED-9 has been used to represent the human cell apoptosis interactions of Bcl-2 in research.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Jupiter Trojans (Trojan Camp) (1–100000)
This is a partial list of Jupiter's L5 trojans (60° behind Jupiter) with numbers 1–100000 (also see main page).
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Lebesgue Constant (Interpolation)
In mathematics, the Lebesgue constants (depending on a set of nodes and of its size) give an idea of how good the interpolant of a function (at the given nodes) is in comparison with the best polynomial approximation of the function (the degree of the polynomials are obviously fixed). The Lebesgue constant for polynomials of degree at most n and for the set of n + 1 nodes T is generally denoted by Λn(T ). These constants are named after Henri Lebesgue.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Insulitis in Human Type 1 Diabetic Pancreas
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease with immune cells’ islet infiltration (called “insulitis”), which leads to beta cell loss. Despite being the critical element of T1D occurrence and pathogenesis, insulitis is often present in a limited percentage of islets, also at diagnosis. Therefore, it is needed to define reproducible methods to detect insulitis and beta-cell decline, to allow accurate and early diagnosis and to monitor therapy. This goal is still far due to the morphological aspect of islet microvasculature, which is rather dense and rich, and is considerably rearranged during insulitis. More studies on microvasculature are required to understand if contrast-enhanced ultrasound sonography measurements of pancreatic blood-flow dynamics may provide a clinically deployable predictive marker to predict disease progression and therapeutic reversal in pre-symptomatic T1D patients. It is needed to clarify the relation between insulitis and the dynamics of β cell loss and with coexisting mechanisms of dysfunction, according to clinical stage, as well as the micro vessels’ dynamics and microvasculature reorganization. The ideal cell-based therapy of T1D should start from an early diagnosis allowing a sufficient isolation of specific Procr+ progenitors, followed by the generation and expansion of islet organoids, which could be transplanted coupled to an immune-regulatory therapy which will permit the maintenance of pancreatic islets and an effective and long-lasting insulitis reversal.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Antiviral Activity of Nitric Oxide
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical that is largely produced by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) in cells. NO produced by upper epidermal cells contributes to the inactivation of viruses and bacteria contained in air or aerosols. In addition to enzymatic production, NO can be generated by the chemical reduction of inorganic nitrite (NO2−), an alternative mechanism for NO production in living organisms. Dietary vitamin C, largely contained in fruits and vegetables, can reduce the nitrite in saliva to produce NO in the oral cavity when chewing foods. In the stomach, salivary nitrite can also be reduced to NO by vitamin C secreted from the epidermal cells of the stomach. The strong acidic pH of gastric juice facilitates the chemical reduction of salivary nitrite to produce NO. It is evident that NO exhibits substantial antiviral activity against many types of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Amin Beiranvand Pour
My scholarly interests range widely, from mineral exploration to environmental issues such as geo-hazard, structural mapping, geothermal and geomorphic and coastal geology investigations. Subsequently, I have conducted several research projects for geological mapping, disaster management and environmental modeling using a variety of satellite remote sensing data such as the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper+ (ETM+), Landsat-8, Advanced Land Imager (ALI), Hyperion and Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) satellite data in arid and semi-arid terrains, Antarctic, Arctic and tropical environments. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
5HTTLPR Genetic Variant
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a disease that involves biological, psychological, and social interactions. Studies have shown the importance of genetics contribution to MDD development. The SCL6A4 protein (5HTTLPR) functions transporting serotonin, a neurotransmitter linked to mood and emotion, to the synaptic cleft. Hence, this study seeks a better comprehension of the 5HTTLPR genetic variant association with MDD and its influence nervous system through a literature review.  
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cellulose Alcoholysis to Alkyl-levulinate Biofuels
Alkyl levulinates (ALs) represent outstanding bio-fuels and strategic bio-products within the context of the marketing of levulinic acid derivatives. In order to promote the market for these bio-products and, concurrently, the immediate development of new applications, it is necessary to speed up the intensification of their production processes. In this regard, today, it is possible to achieve this important issue only by using low-cost or, even better, waste biomasses, as starting feedstocks. Thus, the transition to the real biomass now represents a necessary choice for allowing the next ALs production on a larger scale. The improvement of the available synthetic strategies, the use of raw materials and the development of new applications for ALs can contribute to develop more intensified, greener and sustainable processes. 
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SAVI
STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is a disorder involving abnormal inflammation throughout the body, especially in the skin, blood vessels, and lungs.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Chemotherapy-Induced Dysbiosis and Neurocognitive Disorders
While lifesaving achievements allowed for cancer cure in many patients, cancer survivors may suffer from long-term adverse effects substantially altering their quality of life and reintegration into normal life. Chemotherapy damages the intestinal mucosa and heavily disrupts the gut ecosystem leading to gastrointestinal toxicity. Increasing evidence from animal models and clinical studies demonstrated the associations between intestinal dysbiosis and depression, anxiety, pain, and impaired cognitive functions. Recently, the emerging role of the microbiome in chemotherapy-induced late effects affecting cognitive functions in cancer survivors has been proposed. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Silk
Silk from the silkworm Bombyx mori is well-known for its use in clothing. Silk is also a high-performance biomaterial that is already clinically approved due to its renowned biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and tunable biodegradation (minutes to years) 
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by-Products
The demand and price of feed/feed stuffs was greatly altered after the COVID-19 crisis, showing great interest on depends on local feed stuffs and a decrease in the imported ones. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a common crop in arid and semiarid regions for production of date fruits. Several by-products, such as whole cull dates, date stones (also called pits, seeds, kernels), sugar-extracted date pulp, are produced from date fruit processing industries. These by-products, particularly date stone meal represent 10 to 20% of the whole dates are wasted, causing environmental issues. However, the date stone is rich in various nutrients, such as nitrogen-free extract, fiber, fat, and minerals, which could be used as an alternative feed source in poultry nutrition. However, the high fiber content in date stone meal restricts its use in poultry diets. Whole date wastes and date pulp have lower protein, fiber and fat content than those in date stone meal.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel
To reduce the emissions caused by running the compression ignition engines, waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel is one of the best alternative fuels locally available in all parts of the world. WCO biodiesel cuts down the emissions value by 85% due to decreased hydrocarbon, SO2, CO, and smoke emissions in the exhaust that will effectively save the environment.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment
Microplastics, or microbeads, are plastic particles < 5 mm diameter, and they include nano-sized particles (1 nm). Their size has been miniaturized or fragmented enough that there might be a need for the use of microscopy techniques to study them. In many cases, microplastics continue to carry the chemical structure of their parent plastic with minimum alterations due to exposure to varied environments.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Anacardium Plants
Anacardium plants are native to the American tropical regions, and Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) is the most recognized species of the genus. These species contain a rich content of secondary metabolites in their leaf and shoot powder, fruits and other plant parts, with a plethora of biological applications.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Self-Incompatibility in Orchids
Self-incompatibility (SI) refers to the inability of hermaphroditic angiosperms to self-pollinate, which promotes outcrossing or hybridization. 
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Initiation of Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a normal physiological process of highly regulated cell death that occurs in most multicellular organisms. Apoptosis plays an important role in the cell cycle and is an integral part of the immune system under physiological and pathological conditions. Disorders of apoptosis are associated with autoimmune diseases, bacterial and viral diseases, heart disease, and neurodegeneration. Apoptosis is defined as an energy-dependent cell death which is one of the pathological characteristics of ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI).
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Traditional Computer-Vision Methods Implemented in Sports
Automatic analysis of video in sports is a possible solution to the demands of fans and professionals for various kinds of information. Analyzing videos in sports has provided a wide range of applications, which include player positions, extraction of the ball’s trajectory, content extraction, and indexing, summarization, detection of highlights, on-demand 3D reconstruction, animations, generation of virtual view, editorial content creation, virtual content insertion, visualization and enhancement of content, gameplay analysis and evaluations, identifying player’s actions, referee decisions and other fundamental elements required for the analysis of a game. Recent developments in video analysis of sports have a focus on the features of computer vision techniques, which are used to perform certain operations for which these are assigned, such as detailed complex analysis such as detection and classification of each player based on their team in every frame or by recognizing the jersey number to classify players based on their team will help to classify various events where the player is involved. In higher-level analysis, such as tracking the player or ball, many more such evaluations are to be considered for the evaluation of a player’s skills, detecting the team’s strategies, events and the formation of tactical positions such as midfield analysis in various sports such as soccer, basketball, and also various sports vision applications such as smart assistants, virtual umpires, assistance coaches. A higher-level semantic interpretation is an effective substitute, especially in situations when reduced human intervention and real-time analysis are desired for the exploitation of the delivered system outputs.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Residues in Food
The usage of antibiotics has been, and remains, a topic of utmost importance; on the one hand, for animal breeders, and on the other hand, for food safety. Although many countries have established strict rules for using antibiotics in animal husbandry for the food industry, their misuse and irregularities in compliance with withdrawal periods are still identified. In addition to animal-origin foods that may cause antibiotic residue problems, more and more non-animal-origin foods with this type of non-compliance are identified. 
  • 1.4K
  • 31 May 2022
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