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Topic Review
Gray Fox
The Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) is a species of fox native to North and Central America, recognized for its distinctive grayish fur, bushy tail, and characteristic black stripe running along its back. Unlike other fox species, the Gray Fox is adept at climbing trees, utilizing its semi-retractable claws to ascend and evade predators or hunt for prey. With a diverse diet including small mammals, birds, insects, fruits, and vegetation, the Gray Fox occupies a variety of habitats ranging from forests and woodlands to suburban areas, making it a versatile and adaptable carnivore.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Trypsin Induced Degradation of Amyloids
Proteolytic enzymes are known to be involved in the formation and degradation of various monomeric proteins, but the effect of proteases on the ordered protein aggregates, amyloid fibrils, which are considered to be extremely stable, remains poorly understood. In this work we study resistance to proteolytic degradation of lysozyme amyloid fibrils with two different types of morphology and beta-2-microglobulun amyloids.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Perimenopausal Women
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a frequent symptom in perimenopausal women. It is defined as uterine bleeding in which the duration, frequency, or amount of bleeding is considered excessive and negatively affects the woman’s quality of life (QoL) and psychological well-being.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Hypothalamic–Pituitary Diseases
Long COVID-19, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, is a condition where individuals who have recovered from the acute phase of COVID-19 continue to experience a range of symptoms for weeks or even months afterward. While it was initially thought to primarily affect the respiratory system, it has become clear that Long COVID-19 can involve various organs and systems, including the endocrine system, which includes the pituitary gland. In the context of Long COVID-19, there is a growing understanding of the potential implications for the pituitary gland. The virus can directly affect the pituitary gland, leading to abnormalities in hormone production and regulation.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment
In the relatively short history of anti-tumor treatment, numerous medications have been developed against a variety of targets. Intriguingly, although many anti-tumor strategies have failed in their clinical trials, metformin, an anti-diabetic medication, demonstrated anti-tumor effects in observational studies and even showed its synergistic potential with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in subsequent clinical studies. Looking back from bedside-to-bench, it may not be surprising that the anti-tumor effect of metformin derives largely from its ability to rewire aberrant metabolic pathways within the tumor microenvironment. As one of the most promising breakthroughs in oncology, ICIs were also found to exert their immune-stimulatory effects at least partly via rewiring metabolic pathways. These findings underscore the importance of correcting metabolic pathways to achieve sufficient anti-tumor immunity. Herein, we start by introducing the tumor microenvironment, and then we review the implications of metabolic syndrome and treatments for targeting metabolic pathways in anti-tumor therapies. We further summarize the close associations of certain aberrant metabolic pathways with impaired anti-tumor immunity and introduce the therapeutic effects of targeting these routes. Lastly, we go through the metabolic effects of ICIs and conclude an overall direction to manipulate metabolic pathways in favor of anti-tumor responses.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
TiO2-NPs: Wastewater Treatment and Ago-Environment
The tremendous increase in the production and consumption of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in numerous industrial products and applications has augmented the need to understand their role in wastewater treatment technologies. The use of TiO2 NPs as the representative of photocatalytic technology for industrial wastewater treatment is coming to the horizon. As the use of industrial wastewater to feed agriculture land has been a common practice across the globe and the sewage sludge generated from wastewater treatment plants is also used as fertilizer in agricultural soils. Therefore, it is necessary to be aware of possible exposure pathways of these NPs, especially in the perspective of wastewater treatment and their impacts on the agro-environment. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Immunoglobulins with Non-Canonical Functions
Immunoglobulins are known to combine various effector mechanisms of the adaptive and the innate immune system. Classical immunoglobulin functions are associated with antigen recognition and the initiation of innate immune responses. However, in addition to classical functions, antibodies exhibit a variety of non-canonical functions related to the destruction of various pathogens due to catalytic activity and cofactor effects, the action of antibodies as agonists/antagonists of various receptors, the control of bacterial diversity of the intestine, etc. Canonical and non-canonical functions reflect the extreme human antibody repertoire and the variety of antibody types generated in the organism: antigen-specific, natural, polyreactive, broadly neutralizing, homophilic, bispecific and catalytic. The canonical and non-canonical functions of antibodies greatly enhances the functionality of the human immune system.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Shprintzen-Goldberg Syndrome
Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome is a disorder that affects many parts of the body.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Dry Eye and Probiotics
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that present health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. Prebiotics refer to substrates that microorganisms use to bestow health benefits upon host. Evidence regarding their effects on the ocular surface, especially dry eye, are now just emerging. Both rodent and human studies regarding gut microbiota in Sjögren’s syndrome and environmental dry eye are explored, and we discussed the effects of prebiotics and probiotics on dry eye in this section. 
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Application of Monolayer Graphene
Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) has become a routine technology for resolving the structure of biological macromolecules due to the resolution revolution in recent years. The specimens are typically prepared in a very thin layer of vitrified ice suspending in the holes of the perforated amorphous carbon film. However, the samples prepared by directly applying to the conventional support membranes may suffer from partial or complete denaturation caused by sticking to the air-water-interface (AWI). With the application in materials, graphene has also been used recently to improve frozen sample preparation instead of a suspended conventional amorphous thin carbon. It has been proved that graphene or graphene oxide and various chemical modifications on its surface can effectively prevent particles from adsorbing to the AWI, which improves the dispersion, adsorbed number, and orientation preference of frozen particles in the ice layer. Their excellent properties and thinner thickness can significantly reduce the background noise, allowing high-resolution three-dimensional reconstructions using a minimum data set.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic nanoparticles: coating and applications
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential in material science, drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and therapeutic applications. Indeed, a number of iron oxide nanoparticles have been withdrawn due to their poor clinical performance and/or toxicity issues. MNPs have successfully been converted into water-soluble, stable, bio-accessible systems using the proprietary various coating strategy. Herein, we summarize the data of applications and coating strategies of MNPs.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Conventional Event Tree Analysis on Liquefied Natural Gas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is stored in facilities located in urban areas and transported over public roads. A shift towards the broader use of LNG is economically and environmentally justified. Conventional event trees for LNG emergency release in three different units is a concept that is based on the physical and chemical properties of LNG. It has been designed with deep consideration and analysis of past experiences and real cases of LNG incidents. The idea of having training checkpoints, such as ‘decision points’ and ‘learning curve points’ in the continuum of a training or exercise enable the achievement of optimal learning objectives in a flexible way which take into account the trainee individual mental and physical disposition on a day, scalability of difficulty level as well as realistic scenario paths determined by the performance of the trainees facing concrete operational problems.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
On-Chip Liquid Chromatography
On-chip liquid chromatography (LC) refers to LC technology that is miniaturized to fit on a microchip to enable fast, high-throughput analysis, with small sample volumes and low reagent consumption. Four different on-chip LC approaches have been developed to date: use of open-tubular, packed-particle, monolithic, and pillar array columns. These methods have been applied to proteomics as well as the analysis of small molecules and drugs in various biological samples. Recent advances in on-chip LC are summarized herein.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Oxidative Stress
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor necessary for the launch of transcriptional responses important in health and disease. Its partner protein aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), and AhR repressor protein (AhRR) are members of a family of structurally related transcription factors (basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) motif-containing Per–ARNT–Sim (PAS), whose members carry out critical functions in the gene expression networks that underlie many physiological and developmental processes, especially those participating in responses to signals from the environment.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Consumer and Value Creation of Fashion Brand Image
With the development of technology and the transformation of market competition, garment enterprises have realized the importance of branding. However, while the garment industry is developing towards “branding”, it faces some problems, such as low competitiveness, insufficient innovation and creativity, and insufficient brand value promotion space utilization. Therefore, it is in the interests of individual garment businesses to enhance brand competitiveness, innovation and creativity and create higher brand value. Currently, fashion brand image value creates a direction for fashion enterprises to address these issues. Fashion brand image value creation can meet the new needs of consumers and enable customers to identify the differences between brands and product categories to improve the competitiveness of brands, and finally bring more significant economic benefits to enterprises, prolong their life and increase the value of brands.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Photochemical Internalization of siRNA for Cancer Therapy
In the race to design ever more effective therapy with ever more focused and controlled actions, nanomedicine and phototherapy seem to be two allies of choice. Indeed, the use of nanovectors making it possible to transport and protect genetic material is becoming increasingly important. In addition, the use of a method allowing the release of genetic material in a controlled way in space and time is also a strategy increasingly studied thanks to the use of lasers. In parallel, the use of interfering RNA and, more particularly, of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) has demonstrated significant potential for gene therapy.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Thermo-Electrochemical Cells for Harvesting Waste Heat
Thermo-electrochemical cells (also known as thermocells; TECs) represent a promising technology for harvesting and exploiting low grade waste heat (< 100-150ºC) ubiquitous in the modern environment. Based on temperature dependent redox reactions and ion diffusion, emerging liquid-state thermocells convert waste heat energy into electrical energy generating power at low costs, minimal material consumption and negligible carbon foot-print. Highest values of output power and cell potentials have been achieved for the redox ferri/ferrocyanide system and Co2+/3+, with great opportunities for further development in both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. New thermoelectric applications in the field include wearable and portable electronic devices in the health and performance monitoring sectors; using body heat as a continuous energy source, thermoelectrics are being employed for long-term, continuous powering of these devices. Energy storage in the form of micro supercapacitors and in lithium ion batteries is another emerging application. For waste heat conversion (WHC) to partially replace fossil fuels as an alternative energy source, power generation needs to be commercially viable and cost-effective. Achieving greater power density and operations at higher temperatures will require extensive research and significant developments in the field.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Rescript
In legal terminology, a rescript is a document that is issued not on the initiative of the author, but in response (it literally means 'written back') to a specific demand made by its addressee. It does not apply to more general legislation.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Planetary Geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. Although the geo- prefix typically indicates topics of or relating to Earth, planetary geology is named as such for historical and convenience reasons; due to the types of investigations involved, it is closely linked with Earth-based geology. These investigations are centered around the composition, structure, processes, and history of a planet. Planetary geology includes such topics as determining the internal structure of the terrestrial planets, and also looks at planetary volcanism and surface processes such as impact craters, fluvial and aeolian processes. The structures and compositions of the giant planets and their moons are also examined, as is the make-up of the minor bodies of the Solar System, such as asteroids, the Kuiper Belt, and comets. Planetary geology includes applications derived from other closely related fields within in the geological sciences, such as geophysics and geochemistry.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Stingless Bee Honey as Antidepressant
Depression is a debilitating psychiatric disorder impacting an individual’s quality of life. Conventional treatments include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Despite numerous pharmacological strategies utilising conventional drugs, the discovery of alternative medicines from natural products is a must for safer and beneficial brain supplement. Stingless bee honey (SBH) has been proven to contain a high level of antioxidants compared to other types of honey. 
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Oct 2022
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