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Topic Review
The Polyvalent Role of NF90 in RNA Biology
Double-stranded RNA-binding proteins (dsRBPs) are major players in the regulation of gene expression patterns. Among them, Nuclear Factor 90 (NF90) has a plethora of well-known functions in viral infection, transcription, and translation as well as RNA stability and degradation. In addition, NF90 has been identified as a regulator of microRNA (miRNA) maturation by competing with Microprocessor for the binding of pri-miRNAs in the nucleus. NF90 was recently shown to control the biogenesis of a subset of human miRNAs, which ultimately influences, not only the abundance, but also the expression of the host gene and the fate of the mRNA target repertoire.
  • 886
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
EVs–PEG–cECMH Product
The combination of cardiosphere-derived extracellular vesciles (EVs), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and cardiac extracellular matrix hydrogel (cECMH), EVs–PEG–cECMH, is a potential multipronged product with improved gelation time and mechanical properties, increased on-site retention, and maintained bioactivity that, all together, may translate into boosted therapeutic efficacy.
  • 885
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Techniques for Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases significantly impact the health status of developing countries. Historically, infectious diseases of the tropics especially have received insufficient attention in worldwide public health initiatives, resulting in poor preventive and treatment options. Many molecular tests for human infections have been established since the 1980s, when polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing was introduced. In spite of the substantial innovative advancements in PCR technology, which currently has found wide application in most viral pathogens of global concern, the development and application of molecular diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited settings, poses potential constraints.
  • 885
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies for IFN-β Delivery to ErbB2+ Tumors
The main aim of this work was to create a full-length bispecific antibody (BsAb) as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of interferon-beta (IFN-β) to ErbB2+ tumor cells in the form of non-covalent complex of BsAb and IFN-β. Such a construct is a CrossMab-type BsAb, consisting of an ErbB2-recognizing trastuzumab moiety, a part of chimeric antibody to IFN-β, and human IgG1 Fc domain carrying knob-into-hole amino acid substitutions necessary for the proper assembly of bispecific molecules. The IFN-β- recognizing arm of BsAb not only forms a complex with the cytokine but neutralizes its activity, thus providing a mechanism to avoid the side effects of the systemic action of IFN-β by blocking IFN-β Interaction with cell receptors in the process of cytokine delivery to tumor sites. Enzyme sandwich immunoassay confirmed the ability of BsAb to bind to human IFN-β comparable to that of the parental chimeric mAb.
  • 884
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in Atherosclerosis
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a glucose analogue and the most-validated radiotracer for imaging high metabolically active inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages) and tissues (e.g., atherosclerotic plaques) in animal models and humans [10]. The results have proven to be reproducible and modifiable via interventions that are anti-inflammatory [11]. FDG-PET imaging may mirror inflammatory activity in atherosclerosis due to the consumption of large amounts of glucose by inflammatory cells compared to other plaque cells.
  • 883
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tepotinib
Tepotinib (trade name Tepmetko) is a novel c-MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor that was recently approved in Japan for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring a MET exon 14 skipping mutation.
  • 883
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant adenocarcinoma characterized by biliary tract differentiation and is the second most common primary liver tumor. 
  • 883
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
DNA Supercoiling and Genomic Sequence Organization
The bacterial growth cycle was described  as a closed, self-reproducing, or autopoietic circuit, reestablishing the physiological state of stationary cells initially inoculated in the growth medium. In batch culture, this process of self-reproduction is associated with the gradual decline in available metabolic energy and corresponding change in the physiological state of the population as a function of “travelled distance” along the autopoietic path. This directional alteration of cell physiology is both reflected in and supported by sequential gene expression along the chromosomal OriC-Ter axis. During the E. coli growth cycle, the spatiotemporal order of gene expression is established by coupling the temporal gradient of supercoiling energy to the spatial gradient of DNA thermodynamic stability along the chromosomal OriC-Ter axis.
  • 883
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ran GTPase and Its Importance in Malignant Phenotype
Ran is a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins, which primarily regulates nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and mediates mitosis by regulating spindle formation and nuclear envelope (NE) reassembly. Therefore, Ran is an integral cell fate determinant. It has been demonstrated that aberrant Ran expression in cancer is a result of upstream dysregulation of the expression of various factors, such as osteopontin (OPN), and aberrant activation of various signaling pathways, including the extracellular-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MEK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathways.
  • 883
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Anticancer Potentials of the Lignan Magnolin
Magnolin is a compound found in many different plants. It has been demonstrated to have anticancer activity in numerous experimental models by inhibiting the cell cycle (G1 and G2/M phase); inducing apoptosis; and causing antiinvasion, antimetastasis, and antiproliferative effects via the modulation of several pathways.
  • 883
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gut dysbiosis by HFD: Effect on Distant Organs
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract protects the body from environmental challenges by blocking access to the host’s blood circulation for many pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and parasites. This GI firewall comprises various structures and shielding mechanisms to fulfil its protective function, constituting an intestinal barrier (IB). The IB includes mucosal and submucosal layers, tight junctions (TJ), continuously renewing epithelium, and microbiota. The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are a barrier between the immune system and GI lumen, maintaining a limited IB permeability. Nonetheless, the GI tract has an arduous task. The constantly changing environment requires the IB to continually respond to new challenges, yet maintain its integrity while protecting the host from pathogens. Failure of the IB leads to intestinal hyperpermeability (leaky gut), allowing pathogens and their metabolites to enter the bloodstream. The metabolites then can affect distant organs, such as brain and inner ear.
  • 882
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Leptin in Inflammation
Leptin is an important regulator of basal metabolism and food intake, with a pivotal role in obesity. Leptin exerts many different actions on various tissues and systems, including cancer, and is considered as a linkage between metabolism and the immune system. 
  • 881
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Human FoxP Transcription Factors
Although the Fox family of transcription factors has been described as monomers even in the presence of their cognate DNA, suggesting their full functionality without requiring oligomerization, members of the FoxP subfamily show both monomers and 3D-DS dimers (B). This novel ability in a well-known monomeric family has been largely attributed to a single replacement of a conserved proline by alanine (Pro39Ala) in the hinge region that connects helices H2 and H4 (B). Additionally, the ability to adopt intertwined dimers has been a focus of interest in terms of the possibility to bind different DNA loci within a given chromosome or even in physically mediating interchromosomal contacts, suggesting that the emergence of the 3D-DS could impact their mechanism of action and the complexity of the gene regulation networks in which they participate.
  • 881
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Cell-Free DNA Levels in Psychiatric Diseases
The cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels are known to increase in biological fluids in various pathological conditions. However, the data on circulating cfDNA in severe psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and depressive disorders (DDs), is contradictory. The meta-analysis showed that the levels of total cfDNA and genomic cfDNA in patients with schizophrenia are significantly higher than in healthy donors (SMD values of 0.61 and 0.6, respectively; p < 0.00001). Data on mitochondrial cfDNA in schizophrenia were scarce. Meta-analysis in BD and DDs found no significant differences in the level of mitochondrial cfDNA. However, further research on mitochondrial and genomic cfDNA levels in psychiatric disorders is needed due to the data heterogeneity.
  • 881
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Genomics and Transcriptomics of Myopia
Myopia is a globally emerging concern accompanied by multiple medical and socio-economic burdens with no well-established causal treatment to control thus far. The study of the genomics and transcriptomics of myopia treatment is crucial to delineate disease pathways and provide valuable insights for the design of precise and effective therapeutics. A strong understanding of altered biochemical pathways and underlying pathogenesis leading to myopia may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of myopia, ultimately leading to the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic measures.
  • 881
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Strategies to Target Myofibroblasts for Scarless Skin Healing
Myofibroblasts have drawn much attention among scientific research communities from multiple disciplines and specialisations. As further research uncovers the characterisations of myofibroblast formation, function, and regulation, the realisation of novel interventional routes for myofibroblasts within pathologies has emerged. The research community is approaching the means to finally target these cells, to prevent fibrosis, accelerate scarless wound healing, and attenuate associated disease-processes in clinical settings.
  • 881
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Modification of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase with Nitric Oxide
One of the main targets of NO in cells is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which is due to the presence of a highly reactive cysteine residue in the active center of this protein, as well as to the high content of this protein in all cells. The main products of GAPDH modification with nitric oxide are S-nitrosylated GAPDH and S-sulfenated GAPDH (GAPDH-SNO and GAPDH-SOH, respectively). Modification of GAPDH with nitric oxide is of particular interest due to the fact that it causes the accumulation of GAPDH in the nucleus and induction of apoptosis. According to the most popular hypothesis, a wide range of apoptotic stimuli augment NO production in the cells, GAPDH is nitrosylated by NO, which leads to inactivation of the protein and to conformational changes in its molecule. These alterations facilitate the binding of GAPDH with the E3-ubiquitin-ligase Siah1. Siah1, which possesses a nuclear localization signal (NLS), translocates GAPDH to the nucleus and stimulates a cascade of apoptotic reactions. However, the molecular mechanisms of this signaling pathway have not yet been studied in detail. There are no direct data on the selective interaction of the S-nitrosylated GAPDH with Siah1. It cannot be excluded that any modifications of the catalytic cysteine residue, which are accompanied by a weakening of interactions between the enzyme and NAD+, lead to a change in the conformation of GAPDH, and stimulate its binding to some partner proteins—in particular, Siah1.
  • 881
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Vanadium Effects on Lipid Peroxidation and Disease Processes
Lipid peroxidation (LPO), a process that affects human health, can be induced by exposure to vanadium salts and compounds. LPO is often exacerbated by oxidation stress, with some forms of vanadium providing protective effects. The LPO reaction involves the oxidation of the alkene bonds, primarily in polyunsaturated fatty acids, in a chain reaction to form radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The important question is which radical starts the chain first. On the one hand, a radical is needed (oxidative stress environment) while on the other hand, LPO amplifies and contributes to changing the redox state towards oxidation (what was called oxidative stress). 
  • 881
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an essential enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), effectively maintaining RAS equilibrium. Recently, scientists have also found that through the mediation of the S protein, SARS-CoV-2 can invade host cells using ACE2 as the target.
  • 880
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Zinc and Health
Zinc is a redox-inert trace element that is second only to iron in abundance in biological systems. In cells, zinc is typically buffered and bound to metalloproteins, but it may also exist in a labile or chelatable (free ion) form. Zinc plays a critical role in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, ranging from structural to catalytic to replication to demise. 
  • 879
  • 17 Mar 2021
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