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Topic Review
EVs–PEG–cECMH Product
The combination of cardiosphere-derived extracellular vesciles (EVs), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and cardiac extracellular matrix hydrogel (cECMH), EVs–PEG–cECMH, is a potential multipronged product with improved gelation time and mechanical properties, increased on-site retention, and maintained bioactivity that, all together, may translate into boosted therapeutic efficacy.
  • 884
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Techniques for Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases significantly impact the health status of developing countries. Historically, infectious diseases of the tropics especially have received insufficient attention in worldwide public health initiatives, resulting in poor preventive and treatment options. Many molecular tests for human infections have been established since the 1980s, when polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing was introduced. In spite of the substantial innovative advancements in PCR technology, which currently has found wide application in most viral pathogens of global concern, the development and application of molecular diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited settings, poses potential constraints.
  • 884
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in Atherosclerosis
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a glucose analogue and the most-validated radiotracer for imaging high metabolically active inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages) and tissues (e.g., atherosclerotic plaques) in animal models and humans [10]. The results have proven to be reproducible and modifiable via interventions that are anti-inflammatory [11]. FDG-PET imaging may mirror inflammatory activity in atherosclerosis due to the consumption of large amounts of glucose by inflammatory cells compared to other plaque cells.
  • 883
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies for IFN-β Delivery to ErbB2+ Tumors
The main aim of this work was to create a full-length bispecific antibody (BsAb) as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of interferon-beta (IFN-β) to ErbB2+ tumor cells in the form of non-covalent complex of BsAb and IFN-β. Such a construct is a CrossMab-type BsAb, consisting of an ErbB2-recognizing trastuzumab moiety, a part of chimeric antibody to IFN-β, and human IgG1 Fc domain carrying knob-into-hole amino acid substitutions necessary for the proper assembly of bispecific molecules. The IFN-β- recognizing arm of BsAb not only forms a complex with the cytokine but neutralizes its activity, thus providing a mechanism to avoid the side effects of the systemic action of IFN-β by blocking IFN-β Interaction with cell receptors in the process of cytokine delivery to tumor sites. Enzyme sandwich immunoassay confirmed the ability of BsAb to bind to human IFN-β comparable to that of the parental chimeric mAb.
  • 883
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ran GTPase and Its Importance in Malignant Phenotype
Ran is a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins, which primarily regulates nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and mediates mitosis by regulating spindle formation and nuclear envelope (NE) reassembly. Therefore, Ran is an integral cell fate determinant. It has been demonstrated that aberrant Ran expression in cancer is a result of upstream dysregulation of the expression of various factors, such as osteopontin (OPN), and aberrant activation of various signaling pathways, including the extracellular-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MEK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathways.
  • 883
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Tepotinib
Tepotinib (trade name Tepmetko) is a novel c-MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor that was recently approved in Japan for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring a MET exon 14 skipping mutation.
  • 882
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gut dysbiosis by HFD: Effect on Distant Organs
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract protects the body from environmental challenges by blocking access to the host’s blood circulation for many pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and parasites. This GI firewall comprises various structures and shielding mechanisms to fulfil its protective function, constituting an intestinal barrier (IB). The IB includes mucosal and submucosal layers, tight junctions (TJ), continuously renewing epithelium, and microbiota. The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are a barrier between the immune system and GI lumen, maintaining a limited IB permeability. Nonetheless, the GI tract has an arduous task. The constantly changing environment requires the IB to continually respond to new challenges, yet maintain its integrity while protecting the host from pathogens. Failure of the IB leads to intestinal hyperpermeability (leaky gut), allowing pathogens and their metabolites to enter the bloodstream. The metabolites then can affect distant organs, such as brain and inner ear.
  • 882
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant adenocarcinoma characterized by biliary tract differentiation and is the second most common primary liver tumor. 
  • 882
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Anticancer Potentials of the Lignan Magnolin
Magnolin is a compound found in many different plants. It has been demonstrated to have anticancer activity in numerous experimental models by inhibiting the cell cycle (G1 and G2/M phase); inducing apoptosis; and causing antiinvasion, antimetastasis, and antiproliferative effects via the modulation of several pathways.
  • 882
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Human FoxP Transcription Factors
Although the Fox family of transcription factors has been described as monomers even in the presence of their cognate DNA, suggesting their full functionality without requiring oligomerization, members of the FoxP subfamily show both monomers and 3D-DS dimers (B). This novel ability in a well-known monomeric family has been largely attributed to a single replacement of a conserved proline by alanine (Pro39Ala) in the hinge region that connects helices H2 and H4 (B). Additionally, the ability to adopt intertwined dimers has been a focus of interest in terms of the possibility to bind different DNA loci within a given chromosome or even in physically mediating interchromosomal contacts, suggesting that the emergence of the 3D-DS could impact their mechanism of action and the complexity of the gene regulation networks in which they participate.
  • 881
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Cell-Free DNA Levels in Psychiatric Diseases
The cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels are known to increase in biological fluids in various pathological conditions. However, the data on circulating cfDNA in severe psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and depressive disorders (DDs), is contradictory. The meta-analysis showed that the levels of total cfDNA and genomic cfDNA in patients with schizophrenia are significantly higher than in healthy donors (SMD values of 0.61 and 0.6, respectively; p < 0.00001). Data on mitochondrial cfDNA in schizophrenia were scarce. Meta-analysis in BD and DDs found no significant differences in the level of mitochondrial cfDNA. However, further research on mitochondrial and genomic cfDNA levels in psychiatric disorders is needed due to the data heterogeneity.
  • 881
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Leptin in Inflammation
Leptin is an important regulator of basal metabolism and food intake, with a pivotal role in obesity. Leptin exerts many different actions on various tissues and systems, including cancer, and is considered as a linkage between metabolism and the immune system. 
  • 880
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Biology and Signaling
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in regulating a wide range of biological responses. A diverse array of xenobiotics and endogenous small molecules bind to the receptor and drive unique phenotypic responses. Due in part to its role in mediating toxic responses to environmental pollutants, AhR activation has not been traditionally viewed as a viable therapeutic approach. Nonetheless, the expression and activation of AhR can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and survival of cancer cells, and many clinically approved drugs transcriptionally activate AhR. Identification of novel select modulators of AhR-regulated transcription that promote tumor suppression is an active area of investigation. The development of AhR-targeted anticancer agents requires a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving tumor suppression.
  • 880
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an essential enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), effectively maintaining RAS equilibrium. Recently, scientists have also found that through the mediation of the S protein, SARS-CoV-2 can invade host cells using ACE2 as the target.
  • 879
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Zinc and Health
Zinc is a redox-inert trace element that is second only to iron in abundance in biological systems. In cells, zinc is typically buffered and bound to metalloproteins, but it may also exist in a labile or chelatable (free ion) form. Zinc plays a critical role in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, ranging from structural to catalytic to replication to demise. 
  • 879
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
DNA Supercoiling and Genomic Sequence Organization
The bacterial growth cycle was described  as a closed, self-reproducing, or autopoietic circuit, reestablishing the physiological state of stationary cells initially inoculated in the growth medium. In batch culture, this process of self-reproduction is associated with the gradual decline in available metabolic energy and corresponding change in the physiological state of the population as a function of “travelled distance” along the autopoietic path. This directional alteration of cell physiology is both reflected in and supported by sequential gene expression along the chromosomal OriC-Ter axis. During the E. coli growth cycle, the spatiotemporal order of gene expression is established by coupling the temporal gradient of supercoiling energy to the spatial gradient of DNA thermodynamic stability along the chromosomal OriC-Ter axis.
  • 879
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Genomics and Transcriptomics of Myopia
Myopia is a globally emerging concern accompanied by multiple medical and socio-economic burdens with no well-established causal treatment to control thus far. The study of the genomics and transcriptomics of myopia treatment is crucial to delineate disease pathways and provide valuable insights for the design of precise and effective therapeutics. A strong understanding of altered biochemical pathways and underlying pathogenesis leading to myopia may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of myopia, ultimately leading to the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic measures.
  • 879
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease, which affects approximately 1% of the global population and occurs preferably in females, with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. The disease can begin slowly and gradually with mainly non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, low-grade fever, general malaise, and joint pain; later, more defined symptoms such as intense pain, morning stiffness, and swelling of the joints have been described. In general, the joints most frequently affected are those of the hands and wrists, followed by those of the feet, knees, elbows, ankles, up to involving the wider joints of the shoulders, hips, jaws, and cervical spine. With overt disease, joint swelling occurs, caused by synovial effusion being associated to joint deformities and ankylosis. For this reason, RA is associated with a lower quality of life, a partial and/or total incapacity to work, a form of progressive disability and a higher probability of developing other co-morbidities.   
  • 878
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Linusorb B3 in Flaxseed Oil
Linusorbs (LOs) are natural peptides found in flaxseed oil that exert various biological activities. Of LOs, LOB3 ([1–9-NαC]-linusorb B3) was reported to have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its anti-cancer activity has been poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the anti-cancer effect of LOB3 and its underlying mechanism in glioblastoma cells.
  • 877
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Inflammasome in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases are chronic, progressive disorders that occur in the central nervous system (CNS). They are characterized by the loss of neuronal structure and function and are associated with inflammation. Inflammation of the CNS is called neuroinflammation, which has been implicated in most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Much evidence indicates that these different conditions share a common inflammatory mechanism: the activation of the inflammasome complex in peripheral monocytes and in microglia, with the consequent production of high quantities of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Inflammasomes are a group of multimeric signaling complexes that include a sensor Nod-like receptor (NLR) molecule, the adaptor protein ASC, and caspase-1. The NLRP3 inflammasome is currently the best-characterized inflammasome. Multiple signals, which are potentially provided in combination and include endogenous danger signals and pathogens, trigger the formation of an active inflammasome, which, in turn, will stimulate the cleavage and the release of bioactive cytokines including IL-1β and IL-18.
  • 876
  • 03 Mar 2021
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