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Topic Review
Photoacoustic Approach in the Characterization of Nanostructured Materials
The photoacoustic (PA) effect is the generation of pressure perturbations in a medium due to its heating with non-stationary electromagnetic radiation. A new generation of sensors can be engineered based on the sensing of several markers to satisfy the conditions of the multimodal detection principle. From this point of view, photoacoustic-based sensing approaches are essential. The photoacoustic effect relies on the generation of light-induced deformation (pressure) perturbations in media, which is essential for sensing applications since the photoacoustic response is formed due to a contrast in the optical, thermal, and acoustical properties. It is also particularly important to mention that photoacoustic light-based approaches are flexible enough for the measurement of thermal/elastic parameters. Moreover, the photoacoustic approach can be used for imaging and visualization in material research and biomedical applications. The advantages of photoacoustic devices are their compact sizes and the possibility of on-site measurements, enabling the online monitoring of material parameters. The latter has significance for the development of various sensing applications, including biomedical ones, such as monitoring of the biodistribution of biomolecules. To extend sensing abilities and to find reliable measurement conditions, one needs to clearly understand all the phenomena taking place during energy transformation during photoacoustic signal formation. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Cells
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common brain cancer in adults. GBM starts from a small fraction of poorly differentiated and aggressive cancer stem cells (CSCs) responsible for aberrant proliferation and invasion. Due to extreme tumor heterogeneity, actual therapies provide poor positive outcomes, and cancers usually recur. Therefore, alternative approaches, possibly targeting CSCs, are necessary against GBM.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Staphylococcus schweitzeri
The Staphylococcus aureus-related complex is formed by the Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus schweitzeri, Staphylococcus argenteus, Staphylococcus roterodami and Staphylococcus singaporensis. Within this complex, S. schweitzeri is the only species mainly found in African wildlife, but it is rarely detected as a colonizer in humans or as a contaminant of fomites. The few detections in humans are most likely spillover events after contact with wildlife. However, since S. schweitzeri can be misidentified as S. aureus using culture-based routine techniques, it is likely that S. schweitzeri is under-reported in humans. The low number of isolates in humans, though, is consistent with the fact that the pathogen has typical animal adaptation characteristics (e.g., growth kinetics, lack of immune evasion cluster and antimicrobial resistance); however, evidence from selected in vitro assays (e.g., host cell invasion, cell activation, cytotoxicity) indicate that S. schweitzeri might be as virulent as S. aureus. In this case, contact with animals colonized with S. schweitzeri could constitute a risk for zoonotic infections. 
  • 1.5K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
The Anxiolytic- and Antidepressant-like Effects of Flavonoid Chrysin
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are present in plants. They produce pharmacological actions in the peripheral and the central nervous system (CNS). They can cross the blood–brain barrier and interact with several neurotransmission systems and, thereby activating signaling pathways in specific brain structures involved in the physiopathology of anxiety and depression disorders. In particular, the flavonoid chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) has been studied for its antioxidant properties; however, its neuropharmacological effects in specific brain structures involved in the physiopathology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression, need to be studied.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease
Apathy is a neurobehavioural symptom affecting Parkinson’s disease patients of all disease stages. Apathy seems to be associated with a specific underlying non-motor disease subtype and reflects dysfunction of separate neural networks with distinct neurotransmitter systems.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Airborne Wind Energy
Airborne wind energy (AWE) is the direct use or generation of wind energy by the use of aerodynamic or aerostatic lift devices. AWE technology is able to harvest high altitude winds, in contrast to wind turbines, which use a rotor mounted on a tower. The term high-altitude wind power (HAWP) has been used to refer to AWE systems. However, semantically HAWP might also include wind energy conversion systems that are somehow positioned at a large height from the ground or sea surface. Various mechanisms are proposed for capturing the kinetic energy of winds such as kites, kytoons, aerostats, gliders, gliders with turbines for regenerative soaring, sailplanes with turbines, or other airfoils, including multiple-point building- or terrain-enabled holdings. Once the mechanical energy is derived from the wind's kinetic energy, then many options are available for using that mechanical energy: direct traction, conversion to electricity aloft or at ground station, conversion to laser or microwave for power beaming to other aircraft or ground receivers. Energy generated by a high-altitude system may be used aloft or sent to the ground surface by conducting cables, mechanical force through a tether, rotation of endless line loop, movement of changed chemicals, flow of high-pressure gases, flow of low-pressure gases, or laser or microwave power beams.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Identification of Soccer Scoring Techniques
The immense charm of soccer to millions of players and spectators can be traced back to the most prime idea of the game: to score goals—an idea that will always be captivating. This basic idea shapes the soccer scoring technique (SST) to be the crucial and final determinant of every offensive-maneuver fate of any team. Therefore, the identification of SSTs is particularly important.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Actin-Binding Proteins in Cardiac Hypertrophy
Actin participates in the formation of highly differentiated myofibrils under the regulation of actin-binding proteins (ABPs), which provides a structural basis for the contractile function and morphological change in cardiomyocytes.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of AMD Turion Microprocessors
Turion 64 is the name of a family of CPUs designed by AMD for the mobile computing market.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Acorus tatarinowii Schott
Acorus tatarinowii Schott (A. tatarinowii) is a natural medicinal plant. It plays an indispensable role in the treatment of diseases by the empirical medicine system and has achieved remarkable curative effects.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Digital and Smart Cities
Mobility is notoriously a key aspect of our modern economy and humans' way of life. In an edge situation such as the current coronavirus pandemic, transportation is one of the first affected mechanisms of a city. In our paper, we highlight the potential of operations research and computational intelligence tools for cities' services. The contributions involves aspects of optimization, internet-of-thing and internet-of-value (brought with concepts of Blockchain). When we sum up all these tools, it becomes possible to envision the potential that emerging software and systems can bring to society, associated with the wave of innovation surroundings the smart cities.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Benchmarking Data Sets
Developing realistic data sets for evaluating virtual screening methods is a task that has been tackled by the cheminformatics community for many years. Numerous artificially constructed data collections were developed, such as DUD, DUD-E, or DEKOIS. However, they all suffer from multiple drawbacks, one of which is the absence of experimental results confirming the impotence of presumably inactive molecules, leading to possible false negatives in the ligand sets. In light of this problem, the PubChem BioAssay database, an open-access repository providing the bioactivity information of compounds that were already tested on a biological target, is now a recommended source for data set construction. Nevertheless, there exist several issues with the use of such data that need to be properly addressed. In this article, an overview of benchmarking data collections built upon experimental PubChem BioAssay input is provided, along with a thorough discussion of noteworthy issues that one must consider during the design of new ligand sets from this database. The points raised in this review are expected to guide future developments in this regard, in hopes of offering better evaluation tools for novel in silico screening procedures.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Heat-stable Enterotoxin b
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is known to cause travelers’ diarrhea and diarrhea in farm animals. The global burden of ETEC infection is extensive and remains a major public health issue. In 2006, the World Health Organization estimated annually 400–500 million diarrheal episodes in newborns and children and 400 million in individuals 15 years or older, all ETEC related. ETEC can be characterized by its capability to produce and secrete several virulence factors, including colonization factors (adhesins) and enterotoxins. Adhesins allow for the attachment of the bacteria to intestinal epithelial cells. These can be characterized as filamentous appendages on the surface of the bacteria called fimbriae, on which adhesins can be found. The loss of these colonization factors may render the bacteria unable to colonize and cause infection. Colonization of the intestinal tract allows for specific delivery of enterotoxins which disrupt normal intestinal fluid homeostasis. ETEC enterotoxins are differentiated by their heat stability. They are classified into heat-labile (LT-I and LT-II) and heat-stable (STa and STb) enterotoxins.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems
Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADASs) are used for increasing safety in the automotive domain, yet current ADASs notably operate without taking into account drivers’ states, e.g., whether she/he is emotionally apt to drive.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
β-Lactamase Inhibitors
The inhibitors of β-lactamases (BLI) have gained a prominent role in the safeguard of beta-lactams. In the last years, new β-lactam–BLI combinations have been registered or are still under clinical evaluation, demonstrating their effectiveness to treat complicated infections. It is also noteworthy that the pharmacokinetics of BLIs partly matches that of β-lactams companions, meaning that some clinical situations, as well as renal impairment and renal replacement therapies, may alter the disposition of both drugs. Common pharmacokinetic characteristics, linear pharmacokinetics across a wide range of doses, and known pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters may guide modifications of dosing regimens for both β-lactams and BLIs. However, comorbidities (i.e., burns, diabetes, cancer) and severe changes in individual pathological conditions (i.e., acute renal impairment, sepsis) could make dose adaptation difficult, because the impact of those factors on BLI pharmacokinetics is partly known. Therapeutic drug monitoring protocols may overcome those issues and offer strategies to personalize drug doses in the intensive care setting. Further prospective clinical trials are warranted to improve the use of BLIs and their β-lactam companions in severe and complicated infections. 
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Green Diesel Production by Hydrodeoxygenation
Non-renewable fossil fuels and the air pollution associated with their combustion have made it necessary to develop fuels that are environmentally friendly and produced from renewable sources. Vegetable oils are a renewable source widely used to produce biofuels due to their high energy density and similar chemical composition to petroleum derivatives, making them the perfect feedstock for biofuel production. Green diesel and other hydrocarbon biofuels, obtained by the catalytic deoxygenation of vegetable oils, represent a sustainable alternative to mineral diesel, as they have physico-chemical properties similar to derived oil fuels.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Arboviruses as a Cause of Undifferentiated Febrile Illnesses
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are, by definition, transmitted between vertebrate hosts by biting arthropods (mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, midges and gnats). Some arboviral infections — notably, dengue, chikungunya, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever and West Nile viruses — pose a major public health threat worldwide. Many others are known or thought to lead to acute undifferentiated febrile illness (UFI), of which a significant proportion of cases are not diagnosed. In low-income countries, a diagnosis of UFI is extremely common due to the lack of pathology laboratory resources. Yet, even in high-income nations, which have adequate access to and quality of diagnostic tools, up to one third of pyrexias may be of unknown origin. It has been estimated that between 12-35% of hospitalized patients with UFI die from UFI-associated complications. In this context, identifying the contribution of hitherto less studied arboviruses as potential etiological agents of UFI and prioritizing the development and availability of diagnostic tests may greatly assist in reducing the global burden of UFI-related disease.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB)
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is one of the most specialized biological barriers in the human body. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) includes BBB dysfunction, which leads to the failure of Aβ transport from the brain to the peripheral circulatory system, causing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, the BBB is the first protective defense line to prevent foreign substances from traversing from the blood to the brain.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Role of BUB3 in Human Cancers
The BUB3 protein plays a key role in the activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a ubiquitous surveillance mechanism that ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation in mitosis and, consequently, prevents chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy. Besides its role in SAC signaling, BUB3 regulates chromosome attachment to the spindle microtubules. It is also involved in telomere replication and maintenance. Deficiency of the BUB3 gene has been closely linked to premature aging. Upregulation of the BUB3 gene has been found in a variety of human cancers and is associated with poor prognoses.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Personalized Cancer Therapy on Molecular Basis
Personalized cancer therapy is a treatment strategy that takes into account the molecular profile of patients in order to stratify them into groups that are more likely to benefit from different therapeutic approaches. Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. One of the main hallmarks in cancer is the functional deregulation of crucial molecular pathways via driver genetic events that lead to abnormal gene expression, giving cells a selective growth advantage. Driver events are defined as mutations, fusions and copy number alterations that are causally implicated in oncogenesis. Molecular analysis on tissues that have originated from a wide range of anatomical areas has shown that mutations in different members of several pathways are implicated in different cancer types.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Jun 2022
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