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Topic Review
Amyloid-Targeting Positron Emission Tomography Imaging
Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is characterized by extracellular infiltration and deposition of amyloid fibrils primarily derived from the circulating transthyretin protein (TTR) or immunoglobulin light chain (AL). Bone-seeking single-photon emission tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) quantification and amyloid-targeting positron emission tomography (PET) imaging could be useful as a new strategy for disease burden and therapy monitoring to provide more insights into therapy response assessed by quantifying the amyloid burden in CA.
  • 633
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of AI and Radiomics in NENs
Nuclear medicine has acquired a crucial role in the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) by improving the accuracy of diagnosis and staging as well as their risk stratification and personalized therapies, including radioligand therapies (RLT). Artificial intelligence (AI) and radiomics can enable physicians to further improve the overall efficiency and accuracy of the use of these tools in both diagnostic and therapeutic settings by improving the prediction of the tumor grade, differential diagnosis from other malignancies, assessment of tumor behavior and aggressiveness, and prediction of treatment response.
  • 633
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sex, Hormonal Status and Targeted Radionuclide Therapy
Available data on cancer secondary to ionizing radiation consistently show an excess (2-fold amount) of radiation-attributable solid tumors in women relative to men. This excess risk varies by organ and age, with the largest sex differences (6- to more than 10-fold) found in female thyroid and breasts exposed between birth until menopause (~50 years old) relative to age-matched males. Recent advances in cancer therapy with radioactive substances involve parenteral administration of a radiopharmaceutical or radiolabeled antibody which is designed to preferentially accumulate in neoplasms, termed Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT) and Radioimmunotherapy, respectively. Development of new TRT agents is increasingly accompanied by the use of companion diagnostics and individual dosimetry since, systemic radiopharmaceutical therapy with associated companion diagnostics “is the embodiment of precision medicine” and dosimetry is the optimal tool to predict individual safety and efficacy of TRT.
  • 628
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Recurrent Prostate Cancer after Radical Prostatectomy
The main prostate cancer (PCa) treatments include surgery or radiotherapy (with or without ADT). None of the suggested treatments eliminates the risk of lymph node metastases. Conventional imaging methods, including MRI and CT scanning, are not sensitive enough for the diagnosis of lymph node metastases; the novel imaging method, PSMA PET/CT scanning, has provided valuable information about the pelvic LN involvement in patients with recurrent PCa (RPCa) after radical prostatectomy.
  • 620
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Diagnostic Performances of Nuclear Imaging in Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease with stable prevalence despite prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic advances. While echocardiography remains the first line imaging technique, especially in native valve endocarditis, the incremental value of two nuclear imaging techniques, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) and white blood cells single photon emission tomography with computed tomography (WBC-SPECT), has emerged for the management of prosthetic valve and CIED IE.
  • 617
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Computed Tomography-Guided Bone Biopsies
Computed tomography (CT)-guided bone biopsies are currently the diagnostic tool of choice for histopathological (and microbiological) diagnoses of skeletal lesions. Several research works have well-demonstrated their safety and feasibility in almost all skeletal regions. 
  • 616
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Sentinel Lymph Node in Treatment Planning
The sentinel lymph node is a surgical technique developed in oncological surgery to identify and analyze fewer lymph nodes than a conventional lymph node dissection in order to limit the morbidity and mortality of such an extensive procedure without compromising the patients’ outcomes. This concept seems to also be useful in radiation oncology that treats lymph node areas. This may help radiation oncologists to treat their patients more precisely by targeting more accurately pathological sites and sparing healthy tissues.
  • 615
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Chronic Coronary Syndrome
Coronary artery disease is still a major cause of death and morbidity worldwide. In the setting of chronic coronary disease, demonstration of inducible ischemia is mandatory to address treatment. Consequently, scientific and technological efforts were made in response to the request for non-invasive diagnostic tools with better sensitivity and specificity. Clinicians have at their disposal a wide range of stress-imaging techniques. Among others, stress cardiac magnetic resonance (S-CMR) and computed tomography perfusion (CTP) techniques both demonstrated their diagnostic efficacy and prognostic value in clinical trials when compared to other non-invasive ischemia-assessing techniques and invasive fractional flow reserve measurement techniques. 
  • 614
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
PET/MRI for Breast Cancer
The advent of PET/MRI, which combines metabolic PET information with high anatomical detail from MRI, has emerged as a promising tool for breast cancer diagnosis, staging, treatment response assessment, and restaging. Technical advancements including the integration of PET and MRI, considerations in patient preparation, and optimized imaging protocols contribute to the success of dedicated breast and whole-body PET/MRI. 
  • 614
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Upfront Chemotherapy Followed by SBRT in Pancreatic Cancer
Multimodality therapy involving stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is safe and feasible in older patients with localized pancreatic cancer. Surgical resection was associated with improved clinical outcomes. As such, older patients who complete chemotherapy should not be excluded from aggressive local therapy when possible.
  • 596
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Theranostics in Radioiodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common subtype of thyroid cancer and has an excellent overall prognosis. However, metastatic DTC in certain cases may have a poor prognosis as it becomes radioiodine-refractory. Molecular imaging is essential for disease evaluation and further management. The most commonly used tracers are [18F]FDG and isotopes of radioiodine. Several other radiopharmaceuticals may be used as well, with different diagnostic performances. 
  • 581
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a powerful tool for the evaluation and monitoring of OA due to its ability to visualize soft tissues and bone with high resolution. 
  • 578
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Issues in Glioma Imaging
Glial tumors represent the leading etiology of primary brain tumors. Their particularities lie in (i) their location in a highly functional organ that is difficult to access surgically, including for biopsy, and (ii) their rapid, anisotropic mode of extension, notably via the fiber bundles of the white matter, which further limits the possibilities of resection. The use of mathematical tools enables the development of numerical models representative of the oncotype, genotype, evolution, and therapeutic response of lesions.
  • 561
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Theranostic Imaging Surrogates for Targeted Alpha Therapy
Most targeted alpha therapy (TAT) radionuclides lack or possess insufficient co-emitted positrons or gamma rays for acquiring higher-quality positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans. This motivated the development of chemically similar diagnostic imaging surrogates for TAT radionuclides. As the current supply of alpha-emitting radionuclides is scarce, utilizing imaging surrogates also has the potential to open more opportunities for TAT research to facilities without access to alpha-emitting radionuclides and serve as a bridge for centers planning to introduce TAT radiopharmaceuticals. Since many of these surrogates can be synthesized in existing cyclotron facilities, this can facilitate radiopharmaceutical developments.
  • 557
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Gold-Based Nanostructures for Photo-Triggered Cancer Theranostics
Cancer is one of the most dangerous health problems in the millennium and it is the third foremost human cause of death in the universe. Traditional cancer treatments face several disadvantages and cannot often afford adequate outcomes. It has been exhibited that the outcome of several therapies can be improved when associated with nanostructures. In addition, a modern tendency is being developed in cancer therapy to convert single-modal into multi-modal therapies with the help of existing various nanostructures. Among them, gold is the most successful nanostructure for biomedical applications due to its flexibility in preparation, stabilization, surface modifications, less cytotoxicity, and ease of bio-detection.
  • 556
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Positron Emission Tomography in Bladder Cancer
Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography is a powerful tool in bladder cancer management. [18F] 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) hass increasingly been used over the years in clinical practice, but the low evidence level of published studies hampers its systematic use being implemented in international guidelines.
  • 549
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Roadmap in Detecting and Staging Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic condition characterized by the presence of abnormal endometrial tissue outside the uterus. These misplaced cells are responsible for inflammation, symptoms, scar tissue and adhesions. Endometriosis manifests mainly in three patterns: superficial peritoneal lesions (SUP), ovarian endometriomas (OMA) and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). It also exhibits atypical and extremely rare localization. The updated 2022 guidelines of the ESHRE recommend using both ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as first-line diagnostic tests.
  • 549
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Ions for Hypoxic Tumors
Carbon-ion radiotherapy is a potential elective treatment option for hypoxic tumors. Its high linear energy transfer enables enhanced cell killing in radiation-resistant tumors, while the Bragg peak ensures precise targeting. Clinical evidence in pancreatic and cervical cancers supports positive outcomes of carbon treatments. However, the power of carbon ions against tumor hypoxia is generally underexploited and should be considered to improve the clinical benefit.
  • 531
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Quantitative Imaging
Pancreatic cancer remains an unsolved global healthcare problem, has the highest mortality rate of all major cancers, and is expected to take the lives of more than 49,830 people in the US in 2022 alone. While the five-year survival rate has risen considerably for many other cancers over the past century, it has remained rather stagnant for pancreatic cancer despite intense healthcare efforts, staying in the single digits for decades and only recently rising to 10.8%. By the time of diagnosis over half of pancreatic cancers are metastasized, and for these patients the five-year survival rate is only 3%. The dire disease situation reflects inability to diagnose pancreatic cancer early and to effectively treat it. Current failure to diagnose the disease early results in part from the inaccessibility of the organ, difficulties in detecting small pancreatic lesions by conventional imaging approaches, and a poor understanding of the spectrum of heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer. Radiomics and deep learning, two trendy quantitative imaging methods that take advantage of data science and modern medical imaging, have shown increasing promise in advancing the precision management of pancreatic cancer via diagnosing of precursor diseases, early detection, accurate diagnosis, and treatment personalization and optimization. Radiomics employs manually-crafted features, while deep learning applies computer-generated automatic features. 
  • 526
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Modified Rankin Scale Prediction
Clinical models are simple algorithms, developed by the medical community, that predict the functional outcome usually from no more than ten variables using simple arithmetic, as they are meant to be computed by humans.
  • 519
  • 25 Dec 2023
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