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Topic Review
Imaging of Mediastinal Masses
Mediastinal masses present a diagnostic challenge due to their diverse etiologies. Accurate localization and internal characteristics of the mass are the two most important factors to narrow the differential diagnosis or provide a specific diagnosis. The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) classification is the standard classification system used to localize mediastinal masses. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the two most commonly used imaging modalities for characterization of the mediastinal masses.
  • 334
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Imaging of Skull Base Tumors
The skull base provides a platform for supporting the brain while serving as a conduit for major neurovascular structures. In addition to malignant lesions originating in the skull base, there are many benign entities and developmental variants that may simulate disease. Therefore, a basic understanding of the relevant embryology is essential. Lesions centered in the skull base can extend to the adjacent intracranial and extracranial compartments; conversely, the skull base can be secondarily involved by primary extracranial and intracranial disease. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the mainstay imaging methods and are complementary in the evaluation of skull base lesions. 
  • 317
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Quantitative Imaging
Pancreatic cancer remains an unsolved global healthcare problem, has the highest mortality rate of all major cancers, and is expected to take the lives of more than 49,830 people in the US in 2022 alone. While the five-year survival rate has risen considerably for many other cancers over the past century, it has remained rather stagnant for pancreatic cancer despite intense healthcare efforts, staying in the single digits for decades and only recently rising to 10.8%. By the time of diagnosis over half of pancreatic cancers are metastasized, and for these patients the five-year survival rate is only 3%. The dire disease situation reflects inability to diagnose pancreatic cancer early and to effectively treat it. Current failure to diagnose the disease early results in part from the inaccessibility of the organ, difficulties in detecting small pancreatic lesions by conventional imaging approaches, and a poor understanding of the spectrum of heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer. Radiomics and deep learning, two trendy quantitative imaging methods that take advantage of data science and modern medical imaging, have shown increasing promise in advancing the precision management of pancreatic cancer via diagnosing of precursor diseases, early detection, accurate diagnosis, and treatment personalization and optimization. Radiomics employs manually-crafted features, while deep learning applies computer-generated automatic features. 
  • 315
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nuclear Imaging for Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis
Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is a complex and serious form of heart failure caused by the accumulation of transthyretin amyloid protein in the heart muscle. Variable symptoms of ATTR-CM can lead to a delayed diagnosis. Recognizing the diagnostic indicators is crucial to promptly detect this condition.
  • 314
  • 28 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of AI and Radiomics in NENs
Nuclear medicine has acquired a crucial role in the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) by improving the accuracy of diagnosis and staging as well as their risk stratification and personalized therapies, including radioligand therapies (RLT). Artificial intelligence (AI) and radiomics can enable physicians to further improve the overall efficiency and accuracy of the use of these tools in both diagnostic and therapeutic settings by improving the prediction of the tumor grade, differential diagnosis from other malignancies, assessment of tumor behavior and aggressiveness, and prediction of treatment response.
  • 308
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Issues in Glioma Imaging
Glial tumors represent the leading etiology of primary brain tumors. Their particularities lie in (i) their location in a highly functional organ that is difficult to access surgically, including for biopsy, and (ii) their rapid, anisotropic mode of extension, notably via the fiber bundles of the white matter, which further limits the possibilities of resection. The use of mathematical tools enables the development of numerical models representative of the oncotype, genotype, evolution, and therapeutic response of lesions.
  • 307
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Conventional MRI Characteristics of Peri- and Para-Vascular Spaces
Brain spaces around (perivascular spaces) and alongside (paravascular or Virchow–Robin spaces) vessels have gained significant attention due to the advancements of in vivo imaging tools and to their crucial role in maintaining brain health, contributing to the anatomic foundation of the glymphatic system. In fact, it is widely accepted that peri- and para-vascular spaces function as waste clearance pathways for the brain for materials such as ß-amyloid by allowing exchange between cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid. Visible brain spaces on magnetic resonance imaging are often a normal finding, but they have also been associated with a wide range of neurological and systemic conditions, suggesting their potential as early indicators of intracranial pressure and neurofluid imbalance.
  • 307
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Scandium-44
Angiogenesis-related cell-surface molecules, including integrins, aminopeptidase N, vascular endothelial growth factor, and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), play a crucial role in tumour formation. Radiolabelled imaging probes targeting angiogenic biomarkers serve as valuable vectors in tumour identification. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in novel radionuclides other than gallium-68 (68Ga) or copper-64 (64Cu) to establish selective radiotracers for the imaging of tumour-associated neo-angiogenesis. Given its ideal decay characteristics (Eβ+average: 632 KeV) and a half-life (T1/2 = 3.97 h) that is well matched to the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecules targeting angiogenesis, scandium-44 (44Sc) has gained meaningful attention as a promising radiometal for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. 
  • 298
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Gold-Based Nanostructures for Photo-Triggered Cancer Theranostics
Cancer is one of the most dangerous health problems in the millennium and it is the third foremost human cause of death in the universe. Traditional cancer treatments face several disadvantages and cannot often afford adequate outcomes. It has been exhibited that the outcome of several therapies can be improved when associated with nanostructures. In addition, a modern tendency is being developed in cancer therapy to convert single-modal into multi-modal therapies with the help of existing various nanostructures. Among them, gold is the most successful nanostructure for biomedical applications due to its flexibility in preparation, stabilization, surface modifications, less cytotoxicity, and ease of bio-detection.
  • 295
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Theranostics in Radioiodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common subtype of thyroid cancer and has an excellent overall prognosis. However, metastatic DTC in certain cases may have a poor prognosis as it becomes radioiodine-refractory. Molecular imaging is essential for disease evaluation and further management. The most commonly used tracers are [18F]FDG and isotopes of radioiodine. Several other radiopharmaceuticals may be used as well, with different diagnostic performances. 
  • 290
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
FLASH Radiotherapy
FLASH radiotherapy (RT) is considered one of the most promising revolutions in radiation oncology, placing itself at the intersection of technology, physics, and biology. The unique healthy tissue-sparing effect and, at the same time, the equivalent tumor response have already been identified in vivo for multiple organ systems, such as the lung, brain, skin, intestine, and blood, and even in the first human patient.
  • 290
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Roadmap in Detecting and Staging Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic condition characterized by the presence of abnormal endometrial tissue outside the uterus. These misplaced cells are responsible for inflammation, symptoms, scar tissue and adhesions. Endometriosis manifests mainly in three patterns: superficial peritoneal lesions (SUP), ovarian endometriomas (OMA) and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). It also exhibits atypical and extremely rare localization. The updated 2022 guidelines of the ESHRE recommend using both ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as first-line diagnostic tests.
  • 288
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Implications of Rectal Cancer Radiotherapy on Immune Microenvironment
The efficiency of (chemo-)radiotherapy for rectal cancer is not only determined by the impact on the tumor cells themselves, but also by the highly individual surrounding tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. However, many aspects of the radiation-induced immune response remain to be fully understood. 
  • 286
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Positron Emission Tomography in Bladder Cancer
Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography is a powerful tool in bladder cancer management. [18F] 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) hass increasingly been used over the years in clinical practice, but the low evidence level of published studies hampers its systematic use being implemented in international guidelines.
  • 284
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a powerful tool for the evaluation and monitoring of OA due to its ability to visualize soft tissues and bone with high resolution. 
  • 280
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Theranostic Imaging Surrogates for Targeted Alpha Therapy
Most targeted alpha therapy (TAT) radionuclides lack or possess insufficient co-emitted positrons or gamma rays for acquiring higher-quality positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans. This motivated the development of chemically similar diagnostic imaging surrogates for TAT radionuclides. As the current supply of alpha-emitting radionuclides is scarce, utilizing imaging surrogates also has the potential to open more opportunities for TAT research to facilities without access to alpha-emitting radionuclides and serve as a bridge for centers planning to introduce TAT radiopharmaceuticals. Since many of these surrogates can be synthesized in existing cyclotron facilities, this can facilitate radiopharmaceutical developments.
  • 279
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Computed Tomography in Peripheral Artery Disease
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common and debilitating condition characterized by the narrowing of the limb arteries, primarily due to atherosclerosis. Non-invasive multi-modality imaging approaches using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear imaging have emerged as valuable tools for assessing PAD atheromatous plaques and vessel walls.
  • 270
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
CEUS-Detected Spleen Abnormalities in Dogs and Cats
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that utilizes contrast agents consisting of microbubbles/nanobubbles of gas to enhance ultrasound imaging, allowing for assessment of the size, shape, texture, and vascularity of several organs. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an emerging technology in veterinary medicine involving the administration of intravenous contrast agents, and it is increasingly recognized for its high potential as a diagnostic imaging tool for small animals. 
  • 267
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Managing Persistent Subsolid Nodules in Lung Cancer
With the popularization of lung cancer screening, many persistent subsolid nodules (SSNs) have been identified clinically, especially in Asian non-smokers. 
  • 264
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
T Classification of Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women in the United States. Accurate staging is needed to determine prognosis and devise effective treatment plans. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) has made multiple revisions to the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system used by the Union for International Cancer Control and the American Joint Committee on Cancer to stage lung cancer. The eighth edition of this staging system includes modifications to the T classification with cut points of 1 cm increments in tumor size, grouping of lung cancers associated with partial or complete lung atelectasis or pneumonitis, grouping of tumors with involvement of a main bronchus regardless of distance from the carina, and upstaging of diaphragmatic invasion to T4. 
  • 251
  • 14 Nov 2023
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