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Topic Review
Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.
  • 610
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Vascular Involvement and Surgical Planning
Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPSs) are locally aggressive tumors that can compromise major vessels of the retroperitoneum including the inferior vena cava, aorta, or main tributary vessels. Vascular involvement can be secondary to the tumor’s infiltrating growth pattern or primary vascular origin. 
  • 609
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pre-Processing of Signals of Wearable Sensors
Surgery is a common first-line treatment for many types of disease, including cancer. Mortality rates after major abdominal surgery have seen significant decreases whilst postoperative complications remain a frequent occurrence. Preoperative assessment tools are used to support patient risk stratification but do not always provide a precise and accessible assessment. Wearable sensors (WS) provide an accessible alternative that offers continuous monitoring in a non-clinical setting. Pre-processing involves all changes to data that are made in order to prepare the data for analysis. Pre-processing can be the most vital stage in data processing and has a large impact on the inferences that can be made from a data set.
  • 606
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Surgical Management of Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
Surgery is the cornerstone of treatment for retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS). Surgery should be performed by a surgical oncologist with sub-specialization in this disease and in the context of a multidisciplinary team of sarcoma specialists. For primary RPS, the goal of surgery is to achieve the complete en bloc resection of the tumor along with involved organs and structures to maximize the clearance of the disease. The extent of resection also needs to consider the risk of complications.
  • 603
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sarcopenia and Pancreatic Fistula after Pancreatic Surgery
Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is one of the most critical complications after pancreatic surgery. The relationship between sarcopenia and outcomes following this type of surgery is debated. There is increasing evidence that sarcopenia should be considered in the preoperative risk assessment and treatment decision making in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery.
  • 600
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pseudoaneurysm after Radical Prostatectomy
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignant tumor among men in the Western world. Men with a life expectancy of at least 10 years could benefit from radical prostatectomy (RP), where the robotic approach offers the benefits of minimally invasive surgery. Delayed postoperative bleeding is a serious complication of RP, although rare. Iatrogenic pelvic pseudo-aneurysms following open, robotic or laparoscopic procedures have been rarely reported in the past. The clinical presentation of a bleeding pseudoaneurysm can be diversified and the clinical management of hemorrhage after RP has not been well-described, despite wide institutional and anecdotal experiences. 
  • 600
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is a frequent neoplasm in western countries, mainly due to dietary and behavioral factors. Its incidence is growing in developing countries for the westernization of foods and lifestyles. An increased incidence rate is observed in patients under 45 years of age. In recent years, the mortality for CRC is decreased, but this trend is slowing. The mortality rate is reducing in those countries where prevention and treatments have been implemented. The survival is increased to over 65%. This trend reflects earlier detection of CRC through routine clinical examinations and screening, more accurate staging through advances in imaging, improvements in surgical techniques, and advances in chemotherapy and radiation. 
  • 600
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Venous Thromboembolisms (VTEs) in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)
The entry provides a comprehensive overview of Venous Thromboembolisms (VTEs) in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), a significant orthopedic procedure. It begins by highlighting the persistent threat of VTEs despite improvements in surgical techniques and preventive measures. The prevalence and incidence of VTEs are discussed, showcasing a notable decrease over the years. The clinical significance of VTEs, including their impact on patient outcomes and healthcare costs, is emphasized, underscoring the need for effective management strategies. Various risk factors contributing to VTE development post-TKA are explored, including demographic factors, cardiopulmonary status, preoperative mobilization status, and malignancy. The section on prevention outlines existing guidelines and challenges, with a focus on the efficacy and safety of aspirin as a prophylactic agent. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to address VTEs in TKA, encompassing evidence-based guidelines, personalized patient care, and strategies to enhance adherence to preventive measures.
  • 597
  • 30 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Tissue Senescence Reversing Techniques Modalities
Senescent cells and fibrosis are important components that impact the regenerative capacity of skin, particularly when considering chronic non-healing wounds. Anoderm and perianal fistulas in the setting of Crohn’s disease are clinically pathophysiological extremes with consequently different healing processes which impact treatment modalities.
  • 595
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Inflatable Video-Assisted Mediastinoscopic Transhiatal Esophagectomy of Esophageal Cancer
Inflatable video-assisted mediastinoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy (IVMTE) has emerged as a promising treatment option for esophageal cancer because it does not require one-lung ventilation, reduces postoperative complications, and expands surgical indications. This technique also provides surgical opportunities for patients with impaired pulmonary function or thoracic lesions.
  • 592
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is a poor prognostic factor for all malignancies. This extent of metastatic disease progression remains difficult to treat with systemic therapies due to poor peritoneal vascularization resulting in limited drug delivery and penetration into tissues. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) are surgical interventions that directly target peritoneal tumors and have improved outcomes for PC resulting from appendiceal and colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite these radical therapies, long-term survival remains infrequent, and recurrence is common. The reasons for these outcomes are multifactorial and signal the need for the continued development of novel therapeutics, techniques, and approaches to improve outcomes for these patients.
  • 590
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Historical Development of Durable Ventricular Assist Devices
Heart transplantation is  the most effective treatment for end-stage heart failure; however, the shortage in donor hearts constrains the undertaking of transplantation. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) technology has made rapid progress, providing diverse therapeutic options and alleviating the dilemma of donor heart shortage. The ventricular assist device (VAD), as an important category of MCS, demonstrates promising applications in bridging heart transplantation, destination therapy, and bridge-to-decision. VADs can be categorized as durable VADs (dVADs) and temporary VADs (tVADs), according to the duration of assistance. With the technological advancement and clinical application experience accumulated, VADs have been developed in biocompatible, lightweight, bionic, and intelligent ways.
  • 585
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Primary Lymphedema
Primary lymphedema is a heterogeneous group of conditions encompassing all lymphatic anomalies that result in lymphatic swelling. Primary lymphedema can be difficult to diagnose, and diagnosis is often delayed. As opposed to secondary lymphedema, primary lymphedema has an unpredictable disease course, often progressing more slowly. Primary lymphedema can be associated with various genetic syndromes or can be idiopathic.
  • 581
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be a useful tool in the management of disease processes such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as treatment decisions are often complex and multifaceted. AI applications in medicine are expanding with the ongoing advances in AI including more sophisticated machine learning and deep learning processes.
  • 574
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Preparing for and Not Waiting for Surgery
Cancer surgery is an essential treatment strategy but can disrupt patients’ physical and psychological health. Perioperative medicine is a growing speciality that aims to improve clinical outcome by preparing patients for the stress associated with surgery. Preparation should begin at contemplation of surgery, with universal screening for established risk factors, physical fitness, nutritional status, psychological health, and, where applicable, frailty and cognitive function. 
  • 571
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Technological Synergies in Cranial Base Surgery
The genesis of Anterior Skull Base (ASB) surgery as a distinct field is anchored in the innovations of the 1940s. Dandy’s instrumental contributions are emblematic of this era, particularly his surgical strategy via the anterior cranial fossa for the excision of orbital tumors and his subsequent expansion of the resection to incorporate the ethmoidal regions.
  • 568
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Status and Clinical Significance of Lymph Node Dissection
Despite its decreasing incidence, gastric cancer remains an important global healthcare problem due to its overall high prevalence and high mortality rate. Since the Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy (MAGIC) and Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte contre le Cancer (FNLCC)/ Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive (FFCD) trials, the neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been recommended throughout Europe in gastric cancer. Potential benefits of preoperative treatments include a higher rate of R0 resection achieved by downstaging the primary tumor, a likely effect on micrometastases and isolated tumor cells in the lymph nodes, and, as a result, improved cancer-related survival. Nevertheless, distortion of anatomical planes of dissection, interstitial fibrosis, and sclerotic tissue changes may increase surgical difficulty. The collection of at least twenty-five lymph nodes after neoadjuvant therapy would seem to ensure removal of undetectable node metastasis and reduce the likelihood of locoregional recurrence. 
  • 566
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Textured Surface Implants and BIA-ALCL
Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a variant of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) associated with textured-surface silicone breast implants. Since first being described in 1997, over 1100 cases have been reported worldwide. A causal relationship between BIA-ALCL and textured implants has been established in epidemiological studies.
  • 565
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopic Spine Surgery
The origins of endoscopic spine surgery can be traced back many decades, with many important innovations throughout its development. It can be applied to all levels of the spine, with many robust trials supporting its clinical outcomes. Continued clinical research is needed to explore its expanding indications.
  • 563
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Nano/Micromotors Based on Microbers
The bio-hybrid micro-nano motors/robots (BMNRs) use a variety of biological carriers, blending the benefits of artificial materials with the unique features of different biological carriers to create tailored functions for specific needs. Compared to cell-based MNRs, microbe-carrier micro-nano robots (MNRs) have very many unique properties. In contrast to most cell-based motors that require active actuation, the most important feature of microbe-based motors is their sensing and self-driving capabilities. Especially, they have good performance in the face of low Reynolds number environments. This is due in large part to the transverse wave that they generate during their movements. This property of converting chemical energy into flagellar-driven mechanical energy allows microbial-based MNRs to be designed with only the manipulation in mind and without the need to provide an additional power source. The most commonly used microbial-based MNRs today include bacterial and algal carriers.
  • 556
  • 19 May 2023
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