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Topic Review
Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Microalgae
Microalgae have been a source of useful compounds mainly used as food and dietary supplements. They have been used as a source of metabolites that can participate in the synthesis of several nanoparticles through inexpensive and environmentally friendly routes alternative to chemical synthesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Simulation and Application in Adsorption Study
Simulation studies have emerged as valuable tools for understanding processes. In particular, molecular dynamic simulations hold great significance when it comes to the adsorption process. However, comprehensive studies on molecular simulations of adsorption processes using different adsorbents are scarcely available for wastewater treatment covering different contaminants and pollutants. There are five major categories for adsorbents: (1) carbon-based, (2) oxides and hydroxides, (3) zeolites, (4) metal–organic frameworks and (5) clay.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Application of Porous Materials for CO2 Reutilization
This entry describes the application of porous materials  in solar thermochemical reduction technologies.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Intrinsically Conducting Polymer Binders for Battery Electrodes
Binder materials are needed to keep particles of active masses in electrodes for batteries and supercapacitors together and to ensure their adherence to the current collector. Mostly synthetic polymeric materials are used. Because they are electrochemically inert, they do not add to the storage capacity of the electrode. Intrinsically conducting polymers ICPs such as polyaniline, polythiophene or polypyrrole can provide these functions also. They show electronic conduction because of mobile charge carriers generated in them by oxidation or reduction. In addition to providing the binder-function, they improve electronic conductance of the electrode mass because of their inherent conductivity and can also contribute to the charge storage capability of the electrode in the range of potential of the redox activity of ICPs in the used electrolyte solution. In most reports on the application of ICPs as component of conductive binders, their incorporation results in enhanced specific capacity and notable improvement of C-rate capability of electrodes. In addition, ICP binders provide partial or complete wrapping of grains of active electrode materials, which effectively inhibits the interaction with the electrolyte, suppressing side reactions and degradation of functional properties. 
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Green Membrane Materials
Biodegradable membranes with innovative antifouling properties are emerging as possible substitutes for conventional membranes. These types of membranes have the potential to be applied in a wide range of applications, from water treatment to food packaging and energy production.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Top-Down Polyelectrolytes for Membrane-Based Post-Combustion CO2 Capture
Modern definition of polyelectrolytes (PEs) according to various sources describes them as polymer chains with charged monomer units that can dissolve into a charged macroion and small counterions upon the PE dissolution in a polar solvent. The PEs properties can be ascribed to three major categories: origin, matrix, and charge. The PEs origin associates with the source of the raw polymer precursor, where the molecules such as proteins, cellulose, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) represent the natural PEs. Opposed, with the development of chemical synthesis and especially polymeric chemistry a large field of synthetic polyelectrolytes have emerged to accommodate the needs of petrochemical, pharmaceutical, water recovery, and other industries. These synthetic routes may roughly be distinguished as ‘bottom-up’ by monomer polymerisation and ‘top-down’ by post-synthetic modification of neutral polymers.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
CuxO Nanostructure-Based Gas Sensors
H2S gas is a toxic and hazardous byproduct of the oil and gas industries. It paralyzes the olfactory nerves, with concentrations above 100 ppm, resulting in loss of smell; prolonged inhalation may even cause death. One of the most important semiconducting metal oxides for the detection of H2S is CuxO (x = 1, 2), which is converted to CuxS upon exposure to H2S, leading to a remarkable modulation in the resistance and appearance of an electrical sensing signal.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Use of Biochar Particles for Asphalts
Char/biochar particles could be considered as a new kind of sustainable particle created from their “waste” feedstocks. Specifically, when also considering the circular principles, the conversion of polymer waste, food waste, and biomasses, through thermal treatment at high temperatures, gives an appropriate second life for these waste materials. The char/biochar particles, being particles mainly composed of carbon atoms and having a large surface, are very useful to formulate composites with improved mechanical resistance, i.e., elastic modulus and tensile strength, as well as improved oxidative and photooxidative resistance, while also considering the particles’ radicals scavenging abilities in comparison to the properties of neat matrices. 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have been widely recognized in the domain of large-scale energy storage due to their simple structure, long lifetime, quick response, decoupling of capacity and power, and structural simplicity. Because of the limited open circuit voltage (OCV) by hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, together with the relatively low solubility of active species, RFBs with aqueous electrolytes are challenging to reach high energy densities. Researchers have been trying to develop new solvent systems without water to remove the electrochemical window limitation of water and pursue higher cell potential. However, non-aqueous solvents are also hindered by some key problems, such as high viscosity and poor safety.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Biojet Fuel Technologies
Biojet fuels have been gaining traction in the aviation industry as a more sustainable alternative to traditional jet fuel for over a decade now. According to a report by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), in 2022, the production capacity of SAFs including biojet fuels, surpassed 300 million litres (79.2 million gallons) globally.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Emulsion Techniques
Emulsion Techniques, for example, microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation, can be used in the formulation of food coatings. A variety of methods have been developed to obtain different emulsions, forming excellent biomaterials to be applied as edible films in combination with biopolymer matrices. The significance and widespread applications of edible films to obtain coatings to protect food are originated from their unique properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and no toxicity.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Silver-Nanoparticle-Impregnated Membranes for Water Treatment
Increased affordability, smaller footprint, and high permeability quality that meets stringent water quality standards have accelerated the uptake of membranes in water treatment. Moreover, low pressure, gravity-based microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes eliminate the use of electricity and pumps. However, MF and UF processes remove contaminants by size exclusion, based on membrane pore size. This limits their application in the removal of smaller matter or even harmful microorganisms. There is a need to enhance the membrane properties to meet needs such as adequate disinfection, flux amelioration, and reduced membrane fouling. To achieve these, the incorporation of nanoparticles with unique properties in membranes has potential.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing of Nanostructured High-Energy Materials
In recent years, there has been explosive growth in interest toward additive manufacturing in many scientific research areas. This can be seen from the increase in the number of publications on this topic, as well as the respective economic indicators; the current additive manufacturing (AM) market size has already exceeded $1300 million. In practice, AM saves time and costs from the design stage to production. Additive manufacturing technologies have been developing for over 30 years. While at the onset, they consisted of relatively simple 3D printing of polymer prototypes, now it is possible to use AM to obtain metallic or non-metallic prototypes or functional products that do not require mechanical post-processing.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Imaging Spectroscopy
Imaging spectroscopy has emerged as a reliable analytical method for effectively characterizing and quantifying quality attributes of agricultural products. By providing spectral information relevant to food quality properties, imaging spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be a potential method for rapid and non-destructive classification, authentication, and prediction of quality parameters of various categories of tubers, including potato and sweet potato. The imaging technique has demonstrated great capacities for gaining rapid information about tuber physical properties (such as texture, water binding capacity, and specific gravity), chemical components (such as protein, starch, and total anthocyanin), varietal authentication, and defect aspects.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Semiconductors Application in Wastewater Treatment
Photocatalysis has been vastly applied for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and other micropollutants, with the aim of future water reclamation. As a process based upon photon irradiation, materials that may be activated through natural light sources are highly pursued, to facilitate their application and reduce costs. TiO2 is a reference material, and it has been greatly optimized. However, in its typical configuration, it is known to be mainly active under ultraviolet radiation. Thus, multiple alternative visible light driven (VLD) materials have been intensively studied recently. WO3 and g-C3N4 are currently attractive VLD catalysts, with WO3 possessing similarities with TiO2 as a metal oxide, allowing correlations between the knowledge regarding the reference catalyst, and g-C3N4 having an interesting and distinct non-metallic polymeric structure with the benefit of easy production.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials for Enhancing Bioconversion and Bioremediation of Wastes
Anaerobic digestion (AD), microalgae cultivation, and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are the major biological processes to convert organic solid wastes and wastewater in the agricultural industry into biofuels, biopower, various biochemical and fertilizer products, and meanwhile, recycle water. Various nanomaterials including nano zero valent irons (nZVIs), metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), carbon-based and multicompound nanomaterials have been studied to improve the economics and environmental sustainability of those biological processes by increasing their conversion efficiency and the quality of products, and minimizing the negative impacts of hazardous materials in the wastes. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission Technology
Novel nano-engineering protocols have been actively synergized with fluorescence spectroscopic techniques to yield higher intensity from radiating dipoles, through the process termed plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF). Consequently, the limit of detection of analytes of interest has been dramatically improvised on account of higher sensitivity rendered by augmented fluorescence signals. Metallic thin films sustaining surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been creatively hybridized with such PEF platforms to realize a substantial upsurge in the global collection efficiency in a judicious technology termed surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE). This Editorial Review by Dr. Seemesh Bhaskar, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, provides a spotlight on the latest developments in SPCE substrate engineering to the broad audience of photo-plasmonics, spectroscopy, micro- & nanotechnology, life sciences, thin films and point-of-care diagnostics.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Pharmaceuticals Removal from Water
Pharmaceuticals (PhCs) hold a special place since their presence even at low concentrations can cause irreversible damage to the ecosystem and human health. PhCs can be divided into various categories concerning their characteristics such as anti-inflammatory (e.g., diclofenac), antiepileptic (e.g., carbamazepine), stimulant (e.g., caffeine), β-blockers (e.g., propranolol), antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole), psychiatric (e.g., venlafaxine), antimicrobials (e.g., triclosan), etc.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Advances in Permeation of Solutes into Hair
The permeation and absorption of solutes into human hair are highly relevant to various applications, including the formulation of hair-care products, the development of water pollution control and remediation, and the risk assessment of environmental exposure.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Succinic Acid Membrane Purification Technologies
Recently, the bioconversion of biomass into biofuels and biocommodities has received significant attention. Although green technologies for biofuel and biocommodity production are advancing, the productivity and yield from these techniques are low. Over the past years, various recovery and purification techniques have been developed and successfully employed to improve these technologies. However, these technologies still require improvement regarding the energy-consumption-related costs, low yield and product purity. In the context of sustainable green production, this review presents a broad review of membrane purification technologies/methods for succinic acid, a biocommodity obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. 
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Aug 2021
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