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Topic Review
Intelligent Nanobiosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis
The novel coronavirus appeared to be a milder infection initially, but the unexpected outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly called COVID-19, was transmitted all over the world in late 2019 and caused a pandemic. Human health has been disastrously affected by SARS-CoV-2, which is still evolving and causing more serious concerns, leading to the innumerable loss of lives. Smart and intelligent nanomaterial-enabled biosensors (nanobiosensors) have already proven their utility for the diagnosis of several viral infections, as various detection strategies based on nanobiosensor devices are already present, and several other methods are also being investigated by researchers for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 disease.
  • 925
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
PPARα-Lysosomal Crosstalk in NAFLD
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors which belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. They regulate key aspects of energy metabolism within cells. Recently, PPARα has been implicated in the regulation of autophagy-lysosomal function, which plays a key role in cellular energy metabolism. PPARα transcriptionally upregulates several genes involved in the autophagy-lysosomal degradative pathway that participates in lipolysis of triglycerides within the hepatocytes. Interestingly, a reciprocal regulation of PPARα nuclear action by autophagy-lysosomal activity also exists with implications in lipid metabolism. This review succinctly discusses the unique relationship between PPARα nuclear action and lysosomal activity and explores its impact on hepatic lipid homeostasis under pathological conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • 925
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cell Receptors for Collagen
Collagen, an extracellular protein, covers the entire human body and has several important biological functions in normal physiology. Collagen possibly binds with at least six different groups of receptors in biological cells. These are integrins, DDR, Glycoprotein VI, Osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), LAIR-1, and uPARAP/Endo180.
  • 924
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Histone Demethylases: Insights into Human
Histone methylation is a three-step process that includes the integral roles of “writers”, or histone methyltransferases (HMTs), “readers,” or histone methylation-recognizing proteins, and “erasers,” or histone demethylases (HDMs). Histone methylation and demethylation regulate genes, either by relaxing histone tails to permit transcription factors and other proteins to contact the DNA, or by wrapping histone tails around the DNA, thereby blocking access. These changes impact nucleosomal characteristics and, henceforth, their interactions with other proteins.
  • 924
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Honey in Advanced Wound Care
The clinical considerations in wound-healing management include preventing and controlling the infection and/or contamination, maintaining the adequate moisture environment, treating edema, and preventing further injury. Conventional chronic wound care involves debridement to remove non-viable tissue and bacterial biofilms, followed by wound dressing. The common wound dressings consist of a standard cotton bandage or highly absorbent dressings, such as collagen and alginate, or hydrocolloids; however, this procedure of wound care is often ineffective.
  • 923
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenols for Cancer
Polyphenols play a major role in mammalian epigenome regulation through mechanisms and proteins that remodel chromatin. In fruits, seeds, and vegetables, as well as food supplements, polyphenols are found. Compounds such as these ones are powerful anticancer agents and antioxidants.
  • 923
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Alzheimer’s Disease
Accurate and early prediction of risk is an important strategy to alleviate the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) burden. Neuroinflammation is a major factor prompting the onset of the disease. Inflammation exerts its toxic effect via multiple mechanisms. Amongst others, alteration of gene expression via modulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as miRNAs. Recent evidence supports that inflammation can also affect long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression. 
  • 923
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cold-Active Lipases and Esterases
One of the survival strategies adopted by microorganisms living in cold environments is their expression of cold-active enzymes that enable them to perform an efficient metabolic flux at low temperatures necessary to thrive and reproduce under those constraints. Cold-active enzymes are ideal biocatalysts that can reduce the need for heating procedures and improve industrial processes’ quality, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.
  • 923
  • 06 Jan 2023
Biography
Prof. Nilesh Kumar Sharma
Dr. Nilesh Kumar Sharma, an Ideator and scholar with a Ph.D. degree (2009) from IIT Roorkee, India, focusing on Health Science. He subsequently pursued post-doctoral research in DNA repair and Cancer genetics at prominent institutions including the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), (NIH), and Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School (USA) between 2013-2016. Curren
  • 923
  • 04 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Compound Heterozygosis in Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare monogenic disease due to mutations in the ddc gene producing AADC, a homodimeric pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme. The disorder is often fatal in the first decade and is characterized by profound motor impairments and developmental delay.
  • 922
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Squalene Synthase in Ferroptosis
Squalene synthase (SQS) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for various diseases, including cancers, owing to its pivotal role in the mevalonate pathway and the antioxidant properties of squalene. SQS is a regulator of lipid peroxidation and programmed cell death pathways, such as ferroptosis—a type of cell death characterized by elevated levels of lipid peroxide, one of the forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and intracellular iron concentration. 
  • 922
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Small Heat Shock Proteins Cancers
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are ubiquitous ATP-independent chaperones that play essential roles in response to cellular stresses and protein homeostasis. Investigations of sHSPs reveal that sHSPs are ubiquitously expressed in numerous types of tumors, and their expression is closely associated with cancer progression. sHSPs have been suggested to control a diverse range of cancer functions, including tumorigenesis, cell growth, apoptosis, metastasis, and chemoresistance, as well as regulation of cancer stem cell properties. Recent advances in the field indicate that some sHSPs have been validated as a powerful target in cancer therapy. In this entry, we present and highlight current understanding, recent progress, and future challenges of sHSPs in cancer development and therapy.
  • 922
  • 27 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Ionising Radiation Induces Promoter DNA Hypomethylation
How chronic exposures to sublethal doses of pollutants affect wild life is still under schientific debate. In this paper we exposed fertilized zebrafish embryos to low to moderate dose rates of ionizing radiations, a well known physical stressor that induces DNA damages.  We assessed the molecular effects induced by ionizing radiations on gastrulation, a key developmental stage during embryogenesis, focusing on the transcriptome and DNA methylation patterns. An hypomethylation of the promoter of genes involved in ectoderm and mesoderm development was observed, and correlated with perturbation of transcriptional activity. Our data suggest that the early developmental perturbations in the morphogenesis of the neuroectoderm and the mesoderm might predict the functional defects in neurogenesis and muscle development observed at later stages.
  • 921
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Formyl-Peptide Receptors
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most important regulators of cardiac function and are commonly targeted for medical therapeutics. Formyl-Peptide Receptors (FPRs) belong to the GPCR superfamily and include three members (FPR1, FPR2 and FPR3). FPRs are functionally expressed in several cells and tissues where they can significantly contribute to inflammatory disorders, cancer, infections and cardiovascular pathologies. FPRs stimulation induces phosphorylation of several signaling proteins modulating different cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, intracellular communication, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and survival. FPRs can also modulate oxidative stress through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production whose dysregulation has been observed in different cardiovascular diseases.
  • 921
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Microglia and Cholesterol Handling
Cholesterol is essential for brain function and structure, however altered cholesterol metabolism and transport are hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The well-established link between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and increased AD risk highlights the importance of cholesterol and lipid transport in AD etiology.
  • 921
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Resveratrol for Eye Diseases
Due to the confirmed therapeutic potential of resveratrol (Rv) for eye diseases, namely its powerful anti-angiogenic and antioxidant effects, this molecule must be studied more deeply. The pharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic available studies offer a troubling picture because of its low stability and bioavailability. To overcome this problem, researchers started to design and create different delivery systems that could improve the delivery amount of Rv. Therefore, to shed light on the proper and efficient techniques to isolate, purify and quantify the Rv molecule, and how this therapeutic molecule can be a part of a delivery system. The Rv great impact on aspects regarding its stability, bioavailability, and absorption are also debated here, based on the existent literature on in vitro and in vivo human and animal studies. Moreover, after its absorption, the Rv influence at the molecular level in ocular pathologies is described.
  • 921
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Crosstalk of ADP-Ribosylation with Other Protein Post-Translational Modifications
ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that plays a key role in various cellular processes, including DNA repair. ADP-ribosylation can regulate the recruitment and activity of DNA repair proteins by facilitating protein–protein interactions and regulating protein conformations. Moreover, ADP-ribosylation can influence additional post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins involved in DNA repair, such as ubiquitination, methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and SUMOylation. The interaction between ADP-ribosylation and these additional PTMs can fine-tune the activity of DNA repair proteins and ensure the proper execution of the DNA repair process.
  • 921
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Response to Abiotic Stresses of Birch, Oak, Poplar
Birch (Betula spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), and poplar (Populus spp.) are the most promising deciduous woody plants in forestry. These species were found to be sensitive to climate change that can badly affect their plantations. Thus, a deep understanding of genetic mechanisms of adaptation to adverse environmental conditions plays an important role in preventing the reduction of deciduous forest area. The stress responses of Betula spp., Quercus spp., and Populus spp. are described to drought and salt stresses
  • 920
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Redox Homeostasis Regulation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and antioxidant processes is the basis for maintaining RPE homeostasis and preventing retinal degenerative processes. Long-term stable changes in the redox balance under the influence of endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and the development of a number of retinal pathologies associated with RPE dysfunction, and can eventually lead to vision loss. Reparative autophagy, ubiquitin–proteasome utilization, the repair of damaged proteins, and the maintenance of their conformational structure are important interrelated mechanisms of the endogenous defense system that protects against oxidative damage. Antioxidant protection of RPE cells is realized as a result of the activity of specific transcription factors, a large group of enzymes, chaperone proteins, etc., which form many signaling pathways in the RPE and the retina.
  • 920
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Redox Metabolism
Mitochondrial redox metabolism is the central component in the cellular metabolic landscape, where anabolic and catabolic pathways are reprogrammed to maintain optimum redox homeostasis. During different stages of cancer, the mitochondrial redox status plays an active role in navigating cancer cells’ progression and regulating metabolic adaptation according to the constraints of each stage. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induces malignant transformation. Once vigorous cell proliferation renders the core of the solid tumor hypoxic, the mitochondrial electron transport chain mediates ROS signaling for bringing about cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Highly aggressive cells are selected in this process, which are capable of progressing through the enhanced oxidative stress encountered during different stages of metastasis for distant colonization. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is suppressed to lower ROS generation, and the overall cellular metabolism is reprogrammed to maintain the optimum NADPH level in the mitochondria required for redox homeostasis. After reaching the distant organ, the intrinsic metabolic limitations of that organ dictate the success of colonization and flexibility of the mitochondrial metabolism of cancer cells plays a pivotal role in their adaptation to the new environment.
  • 919
  • 24 Nov 2021
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