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Topic Review
Irreversible Electroporation for Prostate Cancer
By focusing treatment on a specific area of the prostate gland, the aim of focal therapy is to achieve similar oncological outcomes to radical treatment while preserving functional outcomes and decreasing the rates of adverse effects. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel focal therapy modality which utilises pulsatile electrical currents to ablate tissue. Animal and human models have been used to prove that IRE can induce cell death whilst preserving important surrounding structures.
  • 742
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nanomedicine for Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancers rank sixth among the most common cancers today, and the survival rate has remained virtually unchanged over the past 25 years, due to late diagnosis and ineffective treatments. They have two main risk factors, tobacco and alcohol, and human papillomavirus infection is a secondary risk factor. These cancers affect areas of the body that are fundamental for the five senses. Therefore, it is necessary to treat them effectively and non-invasively as early as possible, in order to do not compromise vital functions, which is not always possible with conventional treatments (chemotherapy or radiotherapy).
  • 742
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacokinetics of EF24
EF24, a synthetic monocarbonyl analog of curcumin, shows significant potential as an anticancer agent with both chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties. It exhibits rapid absorption, extensive tissue distribution, and efficient metabolism, ensuring optimal bioavailability and sustained exposure of the target tissues. The ability of EF24 to penetrate biological barriers and accumulate at tumor sites makes it advantageous for effective cancer treatment. Studies have demonstrated EF24’s remarkable efficacy against various cancers, including breast, lung, prostate, colon, and pancreatic cancer. The unique mechanism of action of EF24 involves modulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways, disrupting cancer-promoting inflammation and oxidative stress. EF24 inhibits tumor growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, mainly through inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and by regulating key genes by modulating microRNA (miRNA) expression or the proteasomal pathway.
  • 742
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
BRCA1/2-Mutated Breast Tumor Microenvironment
BRCA1 mutation mostly accounts for the development of TNBC with basal-like phenotype and high proliferation rate.
  • 741
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarkers
In the era of personalized medicine, there is an increasing demand for comprehensive and complex diagnosis using minimally invasive techniques. Nowadays, it is mandatory to integrate biomarkers in the diagnostic process, as well as in the treatment and clinical management of many cancer patients. Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), for instance, are frequently diagnosed in advanced stages, at a point when only cytological material or small biopsies can be obtained. This pathology constitutes an interesting challenge for the testing of biomarkers in cytology. Furthermore, there is a growing development of imaging techniques that guide non-invasive approaches to obtain small biopsies or cytological samples. This has allowed fine needle aspiration cytology and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAC, FNAB) to become front-line procedures in the management of patients with NSCLC. It is well known that the list of biomarkers to be tested in these patients continues to increase. Nevertheless, there are several of essential biomarkers that should always be analyzed in all patients with NSCLC, not only in non-squamous but also in some squamous carcinomas (SqCC). Some of them, such as PDL1, are tested by immunocytochemistry (ICC), while others, mainly ALK and ROS1, can be tested by ICC and confirmed using other techniques such a Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Other biomarkers, namely EGFR and BRAF mutations, are currently evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques including Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). 
  • 741
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare but aggressive malignancy with poor outcomes even for patients with early-stage disease. Several immunotherapy clinical trials, many of which are still in progress, have yielded modest results so far. In-depth understanding of the tumor microenvironment in other cancer types has helped the scientific community to identify novel therapeutic targets and gain a better insight of cancer biology. 
  • 741
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Germ Cell Tumors for Male
Cancer is a leading cause of death by disease in children and the second most prevalent of all causes in adults. Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) make up 0.5% of pediatric malignancies, 14% of adolescent malignancies, and are the most common of malignancies in young adult men. Although the biology and clinical presentation of adult TGCTs share a significant overlap with those of the pediatric group, molecular evidence suggests that TGCTs in young children likely represent a distinct group compared to older adolescents and adults. The rarity of this cancer among pediatric ages is consistent with our current understanding, and few studies have analyzed and compared the molecular basis in childhood and adult cancers. 
  • 741
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Breast Cancer
The Mediterranean diet (MD), a plant-based diet, which is considered one of the healthiest nutritional models, has potential to help in the postdiagnosis phase of breast cancer (BC), due in part to the presence of several nutraceuticals: bioactive compounds and food components that, in addition to nutritional properties, have well-established antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects.
  • 740
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Inflammation as Risk Factor in Genitourinary Cancers
Neoplastic as well as surrounding stromal and inflammatory cells engage in well-orchestrated reciprocal interactions to establish an inflammatory tumor microenvironment. The tumor-associated inflammatory tissue is highly plastic, capable of continuously modifying its phenotypic and functional characteristics. Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the development of urological cancers.
  • 740
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Primary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of Breast
Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast (NECB) as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012 is a rare, but possibly under-diagnosed entity. It is heterogeneous as it entails a wide spectrum of diseases comprising both well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the breast as well as highly aggressive small cell carcinomas. 
  • 739
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs and CDK4/6 Inhibitor Treatment
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors have emerged as novel treatment options in the management of advanced or metastatic breast cancer. MicroRNAs are endogenous non-coding 19–22-nucleotide-long RNAs that regulate gene expression in development and tumorigenesis. Herein, we explored the predictive role of microRNAs in treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
  • 739
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Von Hippel–Lindau Disease
Over the last several decades, an improved understanding of von Hippel–Lindau disease and its underlying biology has informed the successful development of numerous anti-cancer agents, particularly for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.
  • 739
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
MicroRNA in Cervical Lesions
The regulatory functions of microRNA (miRNA) are involved in all processes contributing to carcinogenesis and response to viral infections. Cervical cancer in most cases is caused by the persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. While oncogenic human papillomaviruses induce aberrant expression of many cellular miRNAs, this dysregulation could be harnessed as a marker in early diagnosis of HR-HPV infection, cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions, and cancer. In recent years, growing data indicate that miRNAs show specific patterns at various stages of cervical pathology, that gives hope for the development of non-invasive diagnostic tests that take into account the heterogeneity of tumor-related changes. Due to this heterogeneity resulting in difficult to predict clinical outcomes, precise molecular tools are needed to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic process.
  • 738
  • 30 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Targeted Therapies for Pancreatic Cancer
Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the only treatment option for most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients. Currently, the median overall survival of patients with advanced disease rarely exceeds 1 year. The complex network of pancreatic cancer composed of immune cells, endothelial cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts confers intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity with distinct proliferative and metastatic propensity. This heterogeneity can explain why tumors do not behave uniformly and are able to escape therapy. The advance in technology of whole-genome sequencing has now provided the possibility of identifying every somatic mutation, copy-number change, and structural variant in a given cancer, giving rise to personalized targeted therapies.
  • 738
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
MTOR Inhibitor Resistance in Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma is a common fatal pediatric brain tumor. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is one of the major pathways that have been activated during medulloblastoma development. It is a master regulator for signaling pathways that organize organismal development and homeostasis, because of its involvement in protein and lipid synthesis besides controlling the cell cycle and the cellular metabolism. mTOR inhibitors are a class of drugs that suppress the mTOR. In the clinic, they are primarily used as immunosuppressants and for the treatment of multiple cancers. Three generations of mTOR-targeted therapy have been developed to date. Resistance has been observed against mTOR inhibitor-targeted therapy in medulloblastoma.
  • 738
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most popular primary central nervous system cancer and has an extremely expansive course. Aggressive tumor growth correlates with short median overall survival (OS) oscillating between 14 and 17 months. The survival rate of patients in a three-year follow up oscillates around 10%. The interaction of the proteins programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) creates an immunoregulatory axis promoting invasion of glioblastoma multiforme cells in the brain tissue. The PD-1 pathway maintains immunological homeostasis and protects against autoimmunity. PD-L1 expression on glioblastoma surface promotes PD-1 receptor activation in microglia, resulting in the negative regulation of T cell responses.
  • 738
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy. Current treatment strategies are mainly based on immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors or combination of both. Monoclonal anti-CD38 antibodies, daratumumab and isatuximab, have been implemented into treatment strategies from first-line treatment to refractory disease. In addition, the monoclonal anti-SLAM-F7 antibody elotuzumab in combination with immunomodulatory drugs has improved the clinical outcomes of patients with relapsed/refractory disease. Belantamab mafodotin is the first approved antibody drug conjugate directed against B cell maturation antigen and is currently used as a monotherapy for patients with advanced disease. 
  • 737
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Amino Acid Profiling in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and essential players in pathways such as the citric acid and urea cycle, purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, and redox cell signaling. Therefore, it is unsurprising that these molecules have a significant role in cancer metabolism and its metabolic plasticity.
  • 737
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
ATR Pathway as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer
The DNA damage response (DDR) system is a complicated network of signaling pathways that detects and repairs DNA damage or induces apoptosis. Critical regulators of the DDR network include the DNA damage kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated Rad3-related kinase (ATR) and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). The ATR pathway coordinates processes such as replication stress response, stabilization of replication forks, cell cycle arrest, and DNA repair. ATR inhibition disrupts these functions, causing a reduction of DNA repair, accumulation of DNA damage, replication fork collapse, inappropriate mitotic entry, and mitotic catastrophe. Data have shown that the inhibition of ATR can lead to synthetic lethality in ATM-deficient malignancies. In addition, ATR inhibition plays a significant role in the activation of the immune system by increasing the tumor mutational burden and neoantigen load as well as by triggering the accumulation of cytosolic DNA and subsequently inducing the cGAS-STING pathway and the type I IFN response. 
  • 737
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Anticancer Strategies Targeting JWA
JWA is a microtubule-associated protein and an environmental response gene. JWA has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for several cancers. 
  • 736
  • 08 Oct 2022
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