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Topic Review
Clinical Significance of Angiogenesis Regulating lncRNAs in Cancer
In many cancers the current staging has limitations in terms of determining prognosis. Biomarkers are critical in completing clinical staging and improving the prediction of lymph node metastasis as well as in determining cancer prognosis. Several long noncoding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) are over-expressed in various cancer cell lines, as well as in preclinical cancer models and patients. These lncRNAs have been explored for possible clinical application as biomarkers and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
  • 753
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Comparative Oncology in Canine and Human Prostate Cancer
Dogs are the only species other than man that spontaneously develop prostate cancer. In humans, prostate cancer is initially regulated by the steroid hormone receptor - the androgen receptor, which mediates the effects of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Hence, human patients with disseminated or advanced prostate cancer are treated with androgen deprivation therapy alone or together with treatment that targets the androgen receptor, which is initially effective, but patients eventually become resistant to these treatments. Unlike humans, dogs are castrated at a young age, and hence may be good models of advanced prostate cancer in patients who are resistant to initially androgen deprivation. The various current therapies and compares and contrasts their benefits are discussed. 
  • 753
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Stress and Glucocorticoids Favor Metastatic Spread of Melanoma
Circulating glucocorticoids increase during stress. Chronic stress, characterized by a sustained increase in serum levels of cortisol, has been associated in different cases with an increased risk of cancer and a worse prognosis. Glucocorticoids can promote gluconeogenesis, mobilization of amino acids, fat breakdown, and impair the body's immune response. Therefore, conditions that may favor cancer growth and the acquisition of radio- and chemo-resistance. Glucocorticoid receptor knockdown diminishes the antioxidant protection of murine B16-F10 (highly metastatic) melanoma cells are found, thus leading to a drastic decrease in their survival during interaction with the vascular endothelium. The BRAFV600E mutation is the most commonly observed in melanoma patients. Studies revealed that VMF/PLX40-32 (vemurafenib, a selective inhibitor of mutant BRAFV600E) increases mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in BRAFV600E human melanoma cell lines. Early-stage cancer cells lacking Nrf2 generate high ROS levels and exhibit a senescence-like growth arrest. Thus, it is likely that a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU486) could increase the efficacy of BRAF-related therapy in BRAFV600E-mutated melanoma. In fact, during early progression of skin melanoma metastases, RU486 and VMF induced metastases regression. However, treatment at an advanced stage of growth found resistance to RU486 and VMF. This resistance was mechanistically linked to overexpression of proteins of the Bcl-2 family (Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in different human models). Moreover, melanoma resistance was decreased if AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways were blocked. These findings highlight mechanisms by which metastatic melanoma cells adapt to survive and could help in the development of most effective therapeutic strategies.  
  • 753
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Cytological approaches have long been used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic neoplasms. Technological advances in molecular biology, in particular next-generation sequencing (NGS), have made it possible to establish a molecular list of several gene mutations in AML and MDS, within a matter of days.
  • 753
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Breast Cancer
The Mediterranean diet (MD), a plant-based diet, which is considered one of the healthiest nutritional models, has potential to help in the postdiagnosis phase of breast cancer (BC), due in part to the presence of several nutraceuticals: bioactive compounds and food components that, in addition to nutritional properties, have well-established antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects.
  • 753
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sun Protection Intervention
Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and the incidence of melanoma is continuously rising. One of the main risk factors for the development of skin cancer is ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Epidemiological data provide evidence of an increased risk of all types of skin cancer being associated with solar UV exposure. The contribution of UV exposure during childhood is critical. Due to the special structure of children’s skin, in which skin stem cells are closer to the skin surface up to the age of 12, UV radiation can infiltrate and damage skin stem cells in children more quickly. Single events of intensive UV radiation, such as sunburn in childhood, can influence the risk of developing melanoma in adulthood. One focus of primary prevention of skin cancer development, therefore, lies in the careful management of UV exposure in children and adolescents.
  • 753
  • 31 Jan 2022
Topic Review
MTOR Inhibitor Resistance in Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma is a common fatal pediatric brain tumor. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is one of the major pathways that have been activated during medulloblastoma development. It is a master regulator for signaling pathways that organize organismal development and homeostasis, because of its involvement in protein and lipid synthesis besides controlling the cell cycle and the cellular metabolism. mTOR inhibitors are a class of drugs that suppress the mTOR. In the clinic, they are primarily used as immunosuppressants and for the treatment of multiple cancers. Three generations of mTOR-targeted therapy have been developed to date. Resistance has been observed against mTOR inhibitor-targeted therapy in medulloblastoma.
  • 752
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
US Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations
Rates of cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment decreased significantly in the US and other developed nations during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown (April 2020) and have since recovered, although not to baseline levels in many cases. For breast cancer, the USPSTF recommends biennial screening with mammography for women aged 50–74, while the ACS recommends annual screening for women aged 45–54, who may transition to biennial after 55. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common neoplasm (besides skin cancer) and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the US.
  • 752
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Specific Symptoms in Older Adults with Cancer
Advanced cancer represents the most common reason for needing palliative care among older adults worldwide. Palliative care is an essential component of cancer care with a direct impact on quality of life. The complex healthcare needs of older patients with cancer therefore require a comprehensive assessment, including a geriatric evaluation.
  • 752
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
NOTCH Signaling in Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bones. Most osteosarcoma patients currently receive combinatorial treatment of doxorubicin, cisplatin, and methotrexate as the first-line therapy; however, local recurrence and lung metastasis rates remain high. Despite the numerous trials conducted to evaluate novel therapies for metastatic osteosarcoma, the long-term survival of patients remains dismally bad. Studies have reported abnormal activation of the NOTCH signaling pathway in most clinical specimens of osteosarcoma, which is closely related to a poor prognosis. Similarly, studies have reported that NOTCH signaling affected the biological behavior of osteosarcoma through various molecular mechanisms. NOTCH-targeted therapy has shown potential for the treatment of osteosarcoma in clinical research.
  • 751
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
CYLD and Skin Squamous Tumors
Cylindromatosis (CYLD) is a deubiquitinase (DUB) enzyme that was initially characterized as a tumor suppressor of adnexal skin tumors in patients with CYLD syndrome. Later, it was also shown that the expression of functionally inactive mutated forms of CYLD promoted tumor development and progression of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). And, recently it has been demonstrated that a moderate increase in CYLD wildt ype levels inhibits in vivo in the development of skin squamous cell tumors. 
  • 750
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare but aggressive malignancy with poor outcomes even for patients with early-stage disease. Several immunotherapy clinical trials, many of which are still in progress, have yielded modest results so far. In-depth understanding of the tumor microenvironment in other cancer types has helped the scientific community to identify novel therapeutic targets and gain a better insight of cancer biology. 
  • 749
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Irreversible Electroporation for Prostate Cancer
By focusing treatment on a specific area of the prostate gland, the aim of focal therapy is to achieve similar oncological outcomes to radical treatment while preserving functional outcomes and decreasing the rates of adverse effects. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel focal therapy modality which utilises pulsatile electrical currents to ablate tissue. Animal and human models have been used to prove that IRE can induce cell death whilst preserving important surrounding structures.
  • 749
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Novel Treatments for Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumour in childhood, accounting for approximately 15% of all cancer-related deaths in the paediatric population. The overall survival of children with high-risk diseases is around 40–50% despite the aggressive treatment protocols. There is an ongoing research effort to increase NB's cellular and molecular biology knowledge to translate essential findings into novel treatment strategies.
  • 749
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Primary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of Breast
Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast (NECB) as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012 is a rare, but possibly under-diagnosed entity. It is heterogeneous as it entails a wide spectrum of diseases comprising both well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the breast as well as highly aggressive small cell carcinomas. 
  • 749
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
BRCA1/2-Mutated Breast Tumor Microenvironment
BRCA1 mutation mostly accounts for the development of TNBC with basal-like phenotype and high proliferation rate.
  • 748
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Germ Cell Tumors for Male
Cancer is a leading cause of death by disease in children and the second most prevalent of all causes in adults. Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) make up 0.5% of pediatric malignancies, 14% of adolescent malignancies, and are the most common of malignancies in young adult men. Although the biology and clinical presentation of adult TGCTs share a significant overlap with those of the pediatric group, molecular evidence suggests that TGCTs in young children likely represent a distinct group compared to older adolescents and adults. The rarity of this cancer among pediatric ages is consistent with our current understanding, and few studies have analyzed and compared the molecular basis in childhood and adult cancers. 
  • 748
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Von Hippel–Lindau Disease
Over the last several decades, an improved understanding of von Hippel–Lindau disease and its underlying biology has informed the successful development of numerous anti-cancer agents, particularly for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.
  • 748
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacokinetics of EF24
EF24, a synthetic monocarbonyl analog of curcumin, shows significant potential as an anticancer agent with both chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties. It exhibits rapid absorption, extensive tissue distribution, and efficient metabolism, ensuring optimal bioavailability and sustained exposure of the target tissues. The ability of EF24 to penetrate biological barriers and accumulate at tumor sites makes it advantageous for effective cancer treatment. Studies have demonstrated EF24’s remarkable efficacy against various cancers, including breast, lung, prostate, colon, and pancreatic cancer. The unique mechanism of action of EF24 involves modulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways, disrupting cancer-promoting inflammation and oxidative stress. EF24 inhibits tumor growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, mainly through inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and by regulating key genes by modulating microRNA (miRNA) expression or the proteasomal pathway.
  • 748
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Current Therapy for Advanced/Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. More than half of patients with HCC present with advanced stage, and highly active systemic therapies are crucial for improving outcomes. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapies have emerged as novel therapy options for advanced HCC.
  • 747
  • 20 Nov 2023
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