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Topic Review
Composition of Red Fruit Juices
Red fruit juices are appreciated for almost all consumers due to their flavor and intense red color. Studies have also shown that their phytochemical composition, associated with their antioxidant activity, is protective against many chronic diseases.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Land System and China’s Rural Industrialization
China’s rural industrialization, which flourished in the 1980s, has suddenly declined since the mid-1990s. Using the empirical tests of China’s provincial panel data from 1987 to 1997, it is found that from the 1980s to the mid-1990s, the government relaxed the regulation of collective construction land and allowed its transfer, which was the institutional basis for the rapid rise of China’s rural industrialization with township and village enterprises (TVEs) as the main form. Furthermore, the government’s policy of prohibiting the circulation of collective construction land from the mid-1990s as the breakthrough point was taken, and the “Land Administration Law of China” promulgated in 1998 as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the causal relationship between restricting the circulation of collective construction land and the decline of TVEs was used. It is found that the restrictions on the circulation of collective construction land caused by the implementation of the law significantly hindered the development of TVEs. After the implementation of the Land Administration Law, in areas affected more by the law, the development scale of their TVEs shrunk even more. 
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Elovl4 genes in Sparus aurata
Very long-chain (˃C24) fatty acids (VLC-FA) play critical roles during early development of vertebrates, since these compounds are accumulated in the rapidly forming neural tissues, ensuring their normal function. However, despite their putative importance, the study of VLC-FA in fish is scarce. Biosynthesis of VLC-FA is carried out by the so-called elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 4 (Elovl4) proteins and, consequently, the complement and function of these enzymes determine the capacity that a given species has for satisfying the physiological demands for VLC-FA, especially during its early development. The present study aimed to characterize elovl4 genes from the marine teleosts Sparus aurata and Solea senegalensis, and determine the function of the corresponding encoded proteins. Moreover, the tissue expression pattern of elovl4 genes was determined. The results confirmed that both fish species possess two distinct Elovl4 proteins termed as Elovl4a and Elovl4b based on their homology to the zebrafish orthologs. Functional assays in yeast denoted that both Elovl4a and Elovl4b from both species had the capability to elongate C20-24 fatty acid precursors to VLC-FA products. However, Elovl4b appeared to have a higher activity than Elovl4a elongating all the polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates assayed to longer chain polyunsaturated products, especially on the n-3 series. Gene expression results indicated that, although elovl4 transcripts were detected in most tissues analyzed, elovl4 genes were more strongly expressed in both species neural tissues such as brain and eyes, which showed the highest expression levels of elovl4a and elovl4b, respectively. These results are consistent with the functions of Elovl4 from other vertebrates. Importantly, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the VLC-FA biosynthetic pathway in marine teleosts, highlighting the crucial role that Elovl4 products carry out for the correct development and maintenance of neurophysiologic functions during early stages of the fish development.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ribosomal Protein L10
Eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are highly structured macromolecular complexes made up of four different ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and 80 ribosomal proteins (RPs), which play a central role in the decoding of genetic code for the synthesis of new proteins. Over the past 25 years, studies on yeast and human models have made it possible to identify RPL10 (ribosomal protein L10), which is a constituent of the large subunit of the ribosome, as an important player in the final stages of ribosome biogenesis and in ribosome function.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Sugars and CKs in seeds
Plants adjust their growth and development through a sophisticated regulatory system integrating endogenous and exogenous cues. Many of them rely on intricate crosstalk between nutrients and hormones, an effective way of coupling nutritional and developmental information and ensuring plant survival. Sugars in their different forms such as sucrose, glucose, fructose and trehalose-6-P and the hormone family of cytokinins (CKs) are major regulators of the shoot and root functioning throughout the plant life cycle.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Hematopoietic cells consist of a heterogenous group of cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs differentiate into multi-potent progenitor cells (MPPs) which further produce circulating and tissue-residing blood cells of specific lineage. The bone marrow (BM) is the main hematopoietic organ in an adult and houses millions of immature and mature hematopoietic cells. HSCs reside as a rare cell population in the BM where they are maintained in quiescence as a reserve pool for hematopoiesis. When hematopoiesis is compromised, HSCs self-renew, proliferate and differentiate to replenish hematopoietic cells. As with all cells in an organism, hematopoietic cells utilize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a common energy currency. While it is fundamentally known that ATP is produced anaerobically through glycolysis and aerobically through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the contribution of these processes for energy production varies between hematopoietic cell type. While the BM microenvironment is predominantly hypoxic, different hematopoietic cells utilize both glycolysis and OXPHOS at varying degrees for survival.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
CT assessment of CLAD
Chronic lung allograft rejection remains one of the major causes of morbi-mortality after lung transplantation. The term Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD) has been proposed to describe the different processes that lead to a significant and persistent deterioration in lung function without identifiable causes. The two main phenotypes of CLAD are Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) and Restrictive Allograft Syndrome (RAS), each of them characterized by particular functional and imaging features. These entities can be associated (mixed phenotype) or switch from one to the other. If CLAD remains a clinical diagnosis based on spirometry, computed tomography (CT) scan plays an important role in the diagnosis and follow-up of CLAD patients: •      To exclude identifiable causes of functional decline when CLAD is first suspected; •      To detect early abnormalities that can precede the diagnosis of CLAD (particularly RAS);  •      To differentiate between the obstructive and the restrictive phenotypes; •      To detect exacerbations and evolution from one phenotype to the other. Recognition of early signs of rejection is crucial, for better understanding of physiopathologic pathways and optimal management of patients. 
  • 1.5K
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial (dys)function and Sperm Biology
The dogma of mitochondria as the major source of energy in supporting sperm motility should be critically reconsidered in the light of several experimental data pointing to a major role of glycolysis in mammalian spermatozoa. In this light, the reported positive correlation between the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and motility of ejaculated spermatozoa cannot be explained convincingly by an impaired mitochondrial ATP generation only. Evidence has been produced suggesting that, in human sperm, dysfunctional mitochondria represent the main site of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, in these organelles, a complex bidirectional relationship could exist between ROS generation and apoptosis-like events that synergize with oxidative stress in impairing sperm biological integrity and functions. Despite the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant factors, human spermatozoa are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, which plays a major role in male factor infertility.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning for RC monitoring
The reciprocating compressor (RC) is a key piece of equipment in petroleum and chemical industries. If the RC does not operate in the rated efficiency, it will lead to great economic loss to the company. Sometimes RCs are used to compress inflammable and explosive gases working under high pressures and temperatures, such as hydrogen, ethylene, and natural gas, which would threat human life once the machine malfunctions. Furthermore, due to the intricate structure of the compressor, a large amount of wearing parts, and the complicated interactional relationship between moving parts of the compressor, it is essential to monitor the compressor operating condition and detect failures of RCs accurately and in a timely manner. Operating condition detection and fault diagnosis are very important for reliable operation of reciprocating compressors. Machine learning is one of the most powerful tools in this field.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Jun 2021
Topic Review
RNA Helicases
RNA helicases constitute a large family of proteins with functions in all aspects of RNA metabolism, including unwinding or annealing of RNA molecules to regulate pre-mRNA, rRNA and miRNA processing, clamping protein complexes on RNA, or remodeling ribonucleoprotein complexes, to regulate gene expression. RNA helicases also regulate the activity of specific proteins through direct interaction. Abnormal expression of RNA helicases has been associated with different diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, aging, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) via regulation of a diverse range of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Plant Breeders’ Rights
Plant breeders’ rights (PBRs) are an important IP right, and as plant breeding has a crucial role to play in sustainability, it is vital that innovations in plant breeding receive the appropriate innovation incentives. The full breeders’ exemption ensures that there is always free access to the plant variety protected by a PBR for developing new varieties. The price to pay for this exemption is that PBR holders cannot prevent third parties from taking advantage of their efforts and investments in developing a new variety. This invites free-riding, at the detriment of the PBR holder. The concept of “essentially derived varieties” (EDV), introduced in 1991, provided a “fix” for this problem. It allows PBR holders to extend, at least to some extent, the scope of protection of their PBR to those varieties which use all or most essential characteristics of the initial protection variety. Decades have passed, but no adequate interpretation of the complex EDV concept has been found. The advent of new breeding techniques (NBTs) has made the discussion about a fair scope of protection of PBRs all the more relevant. This necessitates a modernization of the EDV concept, if the PBR system is to remain relevant and continue to be an innovation-incentivizing mechanism. This review introduces a fair interpretation of the EDV concept and a new access reward model.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Microfracture
The technique of microfracture (MFX) was first performed 40 years ago and served for many years as the main procedure for repairing cartilage defects. There is a need to improve microfractures because the regenerated cartilage differs from the original histological aspect; it is less hyaline and more fibrocartilaginous. In addition, and more importantly, the benefits do not persist and the long-term results are unsatisfactory.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides and Antibiotics
Antimicrobial peptides constitute one of the most promising alternatives to antibiotics since they could be used to treat bacterial infections, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. Many antimicrobial peptides, with various activity spectra and mechanisms of actions, have been described. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin E in Neuro-Nutrition
Vitamin E was first discovered by the American endocrinologist and anatomist Herbert. M. Evans, together with his assistant Katherine S. Bishop. The isolated substance, later termed vitamin E, describes a group of compounds consisting of four tocopherol (TP)- and four tocotrienol (TT)-derivatives.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Rare Genetic Syndromes and Oral Anomalies
Rare genetic syndromes, conditions with a global average prevalence of 40 cases/100,000 people, are associated with anatomical, physiological, and neurological anomalies that may affect different body districts, including the oral district.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
The commensal gut microbiome is an important regulator of the gut–brain axis and plays a critical role in brain physiology. Engaging microbiome-generated metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, the immune system, the enteric nervous system, the endocrine system (including the HPA axis), tryptophan metabolism or the vagus nerve plays a crucial role in communication between the gut microbes and the brain. Humans are exposed to a wide range of pollutants in everyday life that impact our intestinal microbiota and manipulate the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, resulting in predisposition to psychiatric or neurological disorders.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Floating Photovoltaics
Floating photovoltaics (FPV) addresses this issue by installing solar photovoltaics (PV) on bodies of water. Globally, installed FPV is increasing and becoming a viable option for many countries. 
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-positive bacterium known globally to infect ruminants, horses, and rarely people. This bacterium is a facultative anaerobic organism that is catalase positive and capable of beta-hemolysis. In small ruminants, C. pseudotuberculosis causes a disease called caseous lymphadenitis characterized by pyogranulomatous abscess formation. In general, this bacterium causes lesions of the skin, lymph nodes, and internal organs. A disease known as ulcerative lymphagenitis can also result from infection with C. pseudotuberculosis in the distal limbs of horses. This bacterium uses the virulence factors phospholipase D and mycolic acid to damage eukaryotic cell walls and resist phagocytic lysosomal degradation, respectively. Infection with this bacterium is often confirmed by bacterial culture of the purulent exudate. Once the diagnosis has been made, treatment of the infection can begin, but this is difficult due to the nature of the organism and the lesions it forms. Specifically, C. pseudotuberculosis is intrinsically resistant to streptomycin, with varying resistance to penicillin and neomycin depending on the strain. It has been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol. Vaccines have also been produced to develop acquired immunity to this infection.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Automobile Dependency
Automobile dependency or car dependency is the concept that some city layouts cause automobiles to be favoured over alternate forms of transportation, such as bicycles, public transit, and walking.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Folic Acid Antimetabolites
Antimetabolites of folic acid represent a large group of drugs and drug candidates, including those for cancer chemotherapy. Antimetabolites, which are antagonists of natural metabolites, belong to a group of highly efficient anticancer drugs. Based on the chemical structure, these groups can be divided into several sub-groups, such as non-natural amino-acids or peptides, including phospha-analogues, analogues of purine and pyrimidine bases, such as competitors in the synthesis of the nucleic acids, as well as vitamin actions including folic acid, hormones, coenzymes, and other substrates responsible for the normal functioning of cells and tissues of the human body.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Dec 2022
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