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Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Aging in Neurodegeneration Disorders
Healthy aging is characterized by a gradual breakdown of physiological systems leading to a reduction in cognitive functions and brain health, but the timing and duration of this decline vary in individule. Oxidative stress (OS) is a crucial factor in the aging process that can cause direct damage to the brain’s cellular organization, causing neurodegenerative disease.
  • 946
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Chronotherapy
Chronotherapy aims to understand the impact that biological rhythms have on the response to a therapy to optimize its action, maximize health benefits, and minimize possible adverse effects. Chronotherapy, or clinical chronopharmacology, study the impact that circadian rhythms have on the response to a drug to optimize its action, maximize health benefits and minimize possible adverse effects on the patient.
  • 945
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plant Secondary Metabolites and Endothelium
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. They may be caused by various factors or combinations of factors. Frequently, endothelial dysfunction is involved in either development of the disorder or results from it. On the other hand, the endothelium may be disordered for other reasons, e.g., due to infection, such as COVID-19. The understanding of the role and significance of the endothelium in the body has changed significantly over time—from a simple physical barrier to a complex system encompassing local and systemic regulation of numerous processes in the body. Endothelium disorders may arise from impairment of one or more signaling pathways affecting dilator or constrictor activity, including nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate activation, prostacyclin–cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation, phosphodiesterase inhibition, and potassium channel activation or intracellular calcium level inhibition.
  • 945
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry for Bioanalysis
This study aims to cover the main strategies based on ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for the analysis of biological samples. The determination of endogenous and exogenous compounds in such samples is important for the understanding of the health status of individuals. For this reason, the development of new approaches that can be complementary to the ones already established (mainly based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry) is welcomed. In this regard, ion mobility spectrometry has appeared in the analytical scenario as a powerful technique for the separation and characterization of compounds based on their mobility. IMS has been used in several areas taking advantage of its orthogonality with other analytical separation techniques, such as liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, or supercritical fluid chromatography. Bioanalysis is not one of the areas where IMS has been more extensively applied. However, over the last years, the interest in using this approach for the analysis of biological samples has clearly increased.
  • 944
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic and Epitranscriptomic Control in Prostate Cancer
The initiation of prostate cancer has been long associated with DNA copy-number alterations, the loss of specific chromosomal regions and gene fusions, and driver mutations, especially those of the Androgen Receptor. Non-mutational events, particularly DNA and RNA epigenetic dysregulation, are emerging as key players in tumorigenesis. Researchers summarize the molecular changes linked to epigenetic and epitranscriptomic dysregulation in prostate cancer and the role that alterations to DNA and RNA modifications play in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer.
  • 944
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 in Retinal Degenerative Diseases
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a key regulator of many cellular signaling processes and performs a wide range of biological functions in the nervous system. Due to its central role in numerous cellular processes involved in cell degeneration, a rising number of studies have highlighted the interest in developing therapeutics targeting GSK3 to treat neurodegenerative diseases. GSK3 is a key player in retinal neuronal death in various retinal diseases. 
  • 944
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Prion p53
p53 is a 393-amino-acids-long transcription factor composed of a globular DNA binding domain flanked by a transcription activation domain in N-terminal and a tetramerization domain in the C-terminal part of the protein and is active in a homo-tetrameric state.
  • 942
  • 12 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Nuclear Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathways
To protect the cell from the accumulation of aberrant proteins, a network of protein quality control (PQC) pathways identifies the substrates and direct them towards refolding or elimination via regulated protein degradation. The main pathway for degradation of misfolded proteins is the ubiquitin-proteasome system. PQC pathways have been first described in the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum, however, accumulating evidence indicates that the nucleus is an important PQC compartment for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of not only nuclear, but also cytoplasmic proteins. 
  • 942
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Diverse Roles of piggyBac
piggyBac (PB), one of three transposons (PB, Sleeping Beauty (SB), and Tol2) found thus far, has been used for efficient transfection of GOI in various mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo.
  • 942
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microglia and Cholesterol Handling
Cholesterol is essential for brain function and structure, however altered cholesterol metabolism and transport are hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The well-established link between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and increased AD risk highlights the importance of cholesterol and lipid transport in AD etiology.
  • 942
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Plasma Clearance Receptors of FVIII and VWF
Congenital deficiency in blood coagulation factor (F) VIII (FVIII) results in excessive bleeding. The disease (hemophilia A) is treated with infusions of therapeutic FVIII concentrates, either plasma-derived (pdFVIII) or produced with recombinant DNA technology (rFVIII). Due to the relatively short FVIII plasma half-life (~12 h), such treatment requires frequent FVIII infusions (3–4 per week in prophylaxis) that calls for developing more efficient longer-acting FVIII products, in particular with an extended plasma lifetime, commonly termed half-life (EHL). Relevant protein modifications are performed via genetic and/or chemical modification of rFVIII, and efficient designs require understanding the molecular mechanisms of FVIII plasma clearance.
  • 942
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
RNAnalysis for Codeless RNAnalysing Sequencing of Data
In next-generation sequencing experiments, significant obstacles include conducting exploratory data analysis, deciphering trends, pinpointing potential targets/candidates, and presenting results in a clear and intuitive manner. These challenges become more pronounced for researchers lacking expertise in coding, as most analysis tools demand programming skills. Even for adept computational biologists, there is a need for an efficient and reproducible system to produce standardized results.
  • 942
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Up-Frameshift Protein 1 in Human Disorders
Up-frameshift protein 1 (UPF1) plays the role of a vital controller for transcripts, ready to react in the event of an incorrect translation mechanism. It is well known as one of the key elements involved in mRNA decay pathways and participates in transcript and protein quality control in several different aspects. Firstly, UPF1 specifically degrades premature termination codon (PTC)-containing products in a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)-coupled manner. Additionally, UPF1 can potentially act as an E3 ligase and degrade target proteins independently from mRNA decay pathways. Thus, UPF1 protects cells against the accumulation of misfolded polypeptides. However, this multitasking protein may still hide many of its functions and abilities.
  • 941
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Modified Plant-Derived Nanovesicles for Therapeutics Delivery
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a highly heterogeneous population of membranous particles that are secreted by almost all types of cells across different domains of life, including plants. Studies on plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) showed that they could modulate metabolic reactions of the recipient cells, affecting (patho)physiology with health benefits in a trans-kingdom manner. In addition to its bioactivity, PDNV has advantages over conventional nanocarriers, making its application promising for therapeutics delivery. 
  • 940
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Tafazzin in Mitochondrial Function, Development and Disease
Tafazzin, an enzyme associated with the rare inherited x-linked disorder Barth Syndrome, is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial transacylase that is highly conserved across multiple species and plays an important role in mitochondrial function. 
  • 939
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Microtubule Regulation in Plant Cell Division
Microtubules (MTs) are essential elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are critical for various cell functions. During cell division, plant MTs form highly ordered structures, and cortical MTs guide the cell wall cellulose patterns and thus control cell size and shape. Both are important for morphological development and for adjusting plant growth and plasticity under environmental challenges for stress adaptation. Various MT regulators control the dynamics and organization of MTs in diverse cellular processes and response to developmental and environmental cues. 
  • 939
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pim Kinases
Pim Kinases; Pim-1, Pim-2, and Pim-3, are a family of constitutively active serine/threonine kinases, widely associated with cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Historically considered to be functionally redundant, independent roles for the individual isoforms have been described. Whilst most established for their role in cancer progression, there is also increasing evidence for wider pathological roles of Pim kinases within the context of cardiovascular disease, including inflammation, thrombosis, and cardiac injury.
  • 939
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Histone Demethylases: Insights into Human
Histone methylation is a three-step process that includes the integral roles of “writers”, or histone methyltransferases (HMTs), “readers,” or histone methylation-recognizing proteins, and “erasers,” or histone demethylases (HDMs). Histone methylation and demethylation regulate genes, either by relaxing histone tails to permit transcription factors and other proteins to contact the DNA, or by wrapping histone tails around the DNA, thereby blocking access. These changes impact nucleosomal characteristics and, henceforth, their interactions with other proteins.
  • 939
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Obesity-Induced Brain Neuroinflammatory and Mitochondrial Changes
Obesity is defined as abnormal and excessive fat accumulation, and it is a risk factor for developing metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive deficits. Obesity is caused by an imbalance in energy homeostasis resulting from increased caloric intake associated with a sedentary lifestyle. However, the entire physiopathology linking obesity with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline has not yet been elucidated. During the progression of obesity, adipose tissue undergoes immune, metabolic, and functional changes that induce chronic low-grade inflammation. It has been proposed that inflammatory processes may participate in both the peripheral disorders and brain disorders associated with obesity, including the development of cognitive deficits. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction is related to inflammation and oxidative stress, causing cellular oxidative damage. 
  • 938
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Roles of Non-Coding RNA in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathophysiology
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is accompanied by deficits in memory and cognitive functions. The disease is pathologically characterised by the accumulation and aggregation of an extracellular peptide referred to as amyloid-β (Aβ) in the form of amyloid plaques and the intracellular aggregation of a hyperphosphorelated protein tau in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that cause neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and oxidative stress. The search for pathomechanisms leading to disease onset and progression has identified many key players that include genetic, epigenetic, behavioural, and environmental factors, which lend support to the fact that this is a multi-faceted disease where failure in various systems contributes to disease onset and progression. Although the vast majority of individuals present with the sporadic (non-genetic) form of the disease, dysfunctions in numerous protein-coding and non-coding genes have been implicated in mechanisms contributing to the disease.
  • 937
  • 25 Aug 2023
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