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Laranjeira, I.M.; Dias, A.C.P.; Pinto-Ribeiro, F.L. Genista tridentata Phytochemical Characterization. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/51257 (accessed on 26 December 2024).
Laranjeira IM, Dias ACP, Pinto-Ribeiro FL. Genista tridentata Phytochemical Characterization. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/51257. Accessed December 26, 2024.
Laranjeira, Inês Martins, Alberto Carlos Pires Dias, Filipa Lacerda Pinto-Ribeiro. "Genista tridentata Phytochemical Characterization" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/51257 (accessed December 26, 2024).
Laranjeira, I.M., Dias, A.C.P., & Pinto-Ribeiro, F.L. (2023, November 07). Genista tridentata Phytochemical Characterization. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/51257
Laranjeira, Inês Martins, et al. "Genista tridentata Phytochemical Characterization." Encyclopedia. Web. 07 November, 2023.
Genista tridentata Phytochemical Characterization
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/biology12111387

Genista tridentata (L.) Willk., known as “prickled broom”, is a Leguminosae (Fabaceae) species native to the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It is used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, for gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders, rheumatism, and headaches, to lower blood pressure, against hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. 

traditional medicine biological properties Genista tridentata Pterospartum tridentatum nutraceuticals

1. Introduction

Wild edible plants are an important piece of the cultural and genetic heritage of distinct world regions, representing high importance, predominantly in rural and suburban areas [1]. Furthermore, they are interesting sources of bioactive compounds and need recognition as considerable contributors to human health promotion and disease prevention [2].
Genista tridentata (L.) Willk. (the recognized name for this species), also known as Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) Willk. (the commonly used name in both scientific literature and commercially available extracts. Among other synonyms, Chamaespartum tridentatum (P.) Gibbs is also used [3][4]). Commonly known as “prickled broom”, it is a Leguminosae (Fabaceae) species belonging to the subfamily Papilionoideae [5][6]. In line with scientific literature and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database [7], the recorded countries of origin for the plant remain consistent, comprising Portugal, Spain, and Morocco. However, it is important to mention that the Plants of the World Online (POWO) database [8] also lists Algeria and Tunisia as potential countries of origin for this plant. This shrub can be found in the understory of Arbutus unedo, Pinus, and Eucalyptus forests, as well as in abandoned lands. It grows spontaneously up to 100 cm in acidic soils [9] and presents yellow flowers with a typical odor in alternate branches and coriaceous winged stems [10]. Traditionally, it is harvested in the spring between March and June.
G. tridentata is an aromatic plant that is very important in Portuguese gastronomy. The leaves are conventionally used as a condiment/spice for the seasoning of traditional rice and meat dishes [11]. Moreover, fresh or shade-dried flowers of G. tridentata are also used in folk medicine, in infusions, decoctions, and tonics [12] as anti-inflammatory [13][14][15], diuretic and depurative of the liver [5][11][16][17]. It is commonly used to ameliorate colds [5][18], in digestive disorders [5][18][19][20], intestinal [21][22] and urologic problems [5][11][15][16][18], and rheumatism [5][11][16]. Additionally, it is also used for respiratory disorders [5][6][13][15][18][23], headaches [5], to lower blood pressure [5][6][18], against hypercholesterolemia [5][6][18][20][22] and hyperglycemia [5][6][11][16][17][18][23][24], and in weight loss programs [5].

2. Phytochemical Characterization

The main compounds found are flavonoids, as well as hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids (Table 1, Figure 1). Additionally, extracts collected in the flowering period (May), as well as flowers, presented a more diverse phytochemical profile than extracts collected during the rest of the year.
Biology 12 01387 g002
Figure 1. Classification of phytochemical compounds identified in Genista tridentata. Each distinct category is associated with a unique color.
Table 1. Major biologically active compounds were found in several samples of G. tridentata (X—detected; NA—not available; ND—not detected).
Authors [17] [23] [9] [15] [20] [24] [25] [26] [27] [24] [6] [22] [15] [27] [28]
Extraction method Methanolic         Aqueous Ethanolic NA
Part plant used Crude flowers Stems and leaves Flowers Aerial parts In vitro culture Leaves + Flowers NA Flowers Flowers
Sampling localization Vila Real Serra da Estrela Serra da Estrela Cinfães Montesinho Herbal Shop—DIÉTICA ® Malcata Gardunha Cinfães Herbal Shop—Ervital Viseu Malcata Gardunha Malcata Gardunha Herbal shop—Ervital Herbal Shop—DIÉTICA ® Montesinho Viseu Herbal shop—Ervital
Sampling period NA Spring NA May May NA Spring 2012 NA February May February May NA Spring 2019 NA Spring 2012
2019
5,5′-Dihydroxy-3′-methoxy-isoflavone-7-O-β-glucoside ND ND ND X ND ND X X ND X ND X X X X X X ND ND ND ND X
5,5′-Dihydroxi-3′-methoxyisoflavone ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND
7-Methylorobol ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND X X ND ND ND X X X ND ND ND ND ND X
Apigenin 5,7-dimethyl ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Apigenin 5,7-dimethyl ether 4′galactoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND
Biochanin A X ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND X
Biochanin A O-acetylhexoside-O-hexoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Biochanin A O-hexoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Biochanin A O-hexoside-O-hexoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Biochanin A-glucoside X ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND
Caffeic acid ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Chlorogenic acid ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Citric acid ND ND ND ND ND ND X X ND ND ND ND X X X X X ND ND ND ND ND
Dihydroquercetin 6-C-hesoxide ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND X
Ellagic acid ND X X ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND
Ferulic acid ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Genistein-8-C-glucoside ND ND ND ND ND X X X ND X ND X X X X X X ND X ND ND X
Ginestein X ND ND ND ND ND X X X X X X ND ND X X ND ND ND ND X X
Ginestein derivatives X ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X X ND
Ginestin X ND ND X ND ND ND ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Isoquercitrin ND ND ND X ND X X X X X X ND X ND X X X ND X ND X X
Isorhamnetin-O-hexoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND
Luteolin-O-(O-acetyl)-glucuronide ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND
Luteolin-O-glucuronide ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND
Methylbiochanin A/methylprunetin ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Methylbiochanin A/methylprunetin derivative ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Methylbiochanin A/methylprunetin O-hexoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Myricetin-6-C-glucoside ND ND ND ND X X X X X X ND X X X X X X ND X X - X
p-Coumaric acid ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Pentahydroxy-flavonol-di-O-glucoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND
Prunetin ND ND ND X ND ND X ND X ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Quercetin ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Quercetin 3-O-galactoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Quercetin deoxyhexosyl-hexoside ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND X
Quercetin O-hexoside ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND X
Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X X
Quercetin derivates ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X X ND
Quinic acid ND ND ND ND ND ND X X ND ND ND X X X X X X ND ND ND ND ND
Rosmarinic acid ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND
Rutin ND ND ND ND ND ND X X X ND ND X X X X X X ND ND ND ND ND
Sissotrin ND ND ND X ND ND X X X X ND ND ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Syringic acid ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Taxifolin X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Taxifolin-6-C-glucoside ND ND ND ND ND X X X ND ND ND X X X X ND ND ND X ND ND ND
Vanillic acid ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Other compounds found in the literature include essential oils (EOs) (Table 2). Grosso et al. (2007) [11] studied the EOs isolated by hydrodistillation and distillation-extraction of flowers, stems and leaves, and aerial parts of different populations. Another study [29] also characterized EOs of G. tridentata using the same methodology. The results show that G. tridentata samples presented a yellowish oil with a yield of <0.05% (v/w). The dominant components of the oils were phenylpropanoids, more abundant in aerial parts, and oxygen-containing monoterpenes in the flowers, stems, and leaves. Additionally, Faria et al. (2013, 2016) [30][31] reported cis-theaspirane and trans-theaspirane as the main components.
Table 2. Composition (%) of the essential oils of G. tridentata isolated by hydrodistillation, collected in different years and locations. (AMF02: Flowers, collected in Arneiro das Milhariças in 2002; AMF03: collected in Arneiro das Milhariças in 2003; AML02: collected in Arneiro das Milhariças in 2002; AML03: collected in Arneiro das Milhariças in 2003; PAPN: collected in Pedra de Altar, Proença a nova; PSFPN: collected in Póvoa, Sobreira Formosa, Proença a nova; SCB: collected in Sarzeda, Castelo Branco; MCSB: collected in Milhasa do Corvo, Sarzeda, Castelo Branco; ND—not detected).
Components   Flowers Leaves + Stems Aerial Parts
Authors [11] [29] [11]
RI AMF02 AMF03 Herbal Shop AML02 AML03 PAPN PFSPNa PFSPNb SCB MCSB
trans-2-Hexenal 866 1.6 0.5 0.1 ND 1.6 ND ND 1.7 3.2 ND
cis-3-Hexen-1-ol 868 1.6 1.2 ND ND 5.3 ND ND 0.8 3 ND
cis-2-Hexen-1-ol 882 1.5 1.2 ND ND 0.8 ND ND 0.6 1.2 ND
n-Hexanol 882 0.5 1.6 ND ND 1.1 ND ND 1.1 0.7 ND
n-Heptanal 897 11.8 4.8 0.9 ND 0.5 0.8 ND ND 0.3 ND
n-Nonane 900 ND ND ND ND 0.2 ND ND 2.3 0.2 ND
Benzaldehyde 927 0.5 0.8 0.3 ND 0.6 1 ND 0.6 0.1 ND
α-Pinene 930 ND 0.3 0.3 ND 0.8 ND ND 0.5 0.1 ND
n-Heptanol 952 0.5 1.6 ND ND 1.5 ND ND ND ND 1.3
1-Octen-3-ol 961 10.7 21 9.2 11.5 22.6 1.7 29.7 15 25.8 36.8
2-Pentyl furan 972 2.4 1.3 0.8 2.5 0.5 ND ND 0.7 2.1 1.4
n-octanal 973 ND ND 0.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
3-Octanol 974 1.4 1.5 ND 1.9 ND ND ND 1.9 0.3 1.5
Benzyl alcohol 996 ND ND ND 0.3 0.4 ND ND ND 0.3 ND
Benzene acetaldehyde 1002 1.8 1.8 ND 0.3 1.2 ND ND 0.4 1.4 0.6
ρ-Cymene 1003 ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
1,8-Cineole 1005 0.9 1 0.7 1.1 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND
Limonene 1009 0.9 1 ND 1.1 0.2 ND ND 0.3 ND ND
Acetophenone 1017 ND 1.4 ND 2.1 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND
n-Octanol 1045 0.5 0.4 0.7 2.1 0.3 0.6 ND ND ND ND
ρ-Cymenene 1050 ND ND 0.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Heptanoic acid 1056 0.5 1.2 ND ND 0.4 ND ND ND ND 2.1
Phenyl ethyl alcohol 1064 0.7 1.2 ND 2 1.7 ND 3.6 3.3 3.4 6.3
n-Nonanal 1073 14.5 6.1 6.5 4.6 0.9 10.5 4.1 0.2 0.9 1
Linalol 1074 2.9 0.5 7.1 ND 2 ND 5.2 ND 2.3 1
cis-Rose oxide 1083 2.9 0.5 ND ND ND 2 ND 5.2 2.3 1
Camphor 1095 ND ND 0.7 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
n-Undecane 1100 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1 2.3 0.2 ND
trans-Rose oxide 1100 ND ND ND 2.1 0.7 ND 1 ND ND ND
trans-Pinocarveol 1106 ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND 0.2 ND
2- trans,6 cis-Nonadienal 1106 2.1 0.3 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2- trans-Nonen-1-al 1114 0.5 0.4 ND 2.2 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND
Pentyl benzene 1119 1.5 ND ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND
Menthone 1120 ND ND 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Benzyl acetate 1123 ND ND 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Borneol 1134 ND ND 1.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Lavandulol 1142 ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Menthol 1148 ND ND 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Terpinen-4-ol 1148 ND ND 0.7 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Octanoic acid 1156 0.3 ND 0.5 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND
α-Terpineol 1159 ND ND 1.8 ND ND ND 1.2 0.8 0.3 ND
Safranal 1160 1.4 0.3 ND ND 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND
Methyl chavicol (=estragole) 1163 ND ND 0.9 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
n-Decanal 1180 ND 0.3 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Pulegone 1210 ND ND 1.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Geraniol 1236 0.3 1.6 0.6 4 9.2 3.2 1 - 1.4 2.8
Linalyl acetate 1245 ND ND 1.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Trans-Anethole 1254 ND ND 4.7 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
n-Decanol 1259 0.3 1.6 0.6 4 0.2 3.2 3.4 2.5 3.2 1.9
2-Undecanone 1273 ND ND 2.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Perilla alcohol 1274 ND ND ND ND 3.4 ND ND ND 0.6 ND
Nonanoic acid 1274 ND 0.3 1.5 2.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND
cis-Theaspirane 1279 1.6 2.2 ND 12.7 7.1 14.2 5.3 13.2 9 6.2
2 trans,4 trans-Decadienal 1285 0.8 1.3 ND ND 0.1 ND 1.8 ND 2 ND
cis-Transpirane 1286 ND ND 3.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Carvacrol 1286 ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2-trans-4-trans-Decadienal 1286 ND ND 1 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
trans-Theaspirane 1300 2.4 1.9 3.9 12.1 6.8 17.2 6.3 13.6 10 5.5
Hexyl tiglate ester 1316 ND ND 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Eugenol 1327 1.4 1.7 0.8 3.5 2.6 ND 3.1 3 3.2 3.6
α-Terpenyl acetate 1334 ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
α-Longipinene 1338 ND ND 0.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Decanoic acid 1350 ND ND 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
trans-β-Dasmascenone 1356 ND ND 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Geranyl acetate 1370 ND ND 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
α-Copaene 1375 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.9 ND ND ND
β-Bourbonene 1379 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.5 ND 1.1 ND
2-Pentadecanone 1390 ND ND 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Longifolene 1399 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.4 ND ND ND
β-Caryophyllene 1414 ND 0.4 1.2 ND ND ND 2.7 ND 2 0.9
Geranyl acetonea 1434 ND 3.6 0.7 ND ND ND 1.2 ND 0.6 ND
allo-Aromadendrene 1456 ND ND 0.7 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
trans-β-Ionone 1456 ND ND 1.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Germacrene-D 1474 ND 0.2 ND ND ND 9.7 3.3 ND 0.7 ND
α-Curcumene 1475 ND ND 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ƴ-Cadinene 1500 ND 3.3 ND ND ND ND 1.2 ND 1.1 1.9
σ-Cadinene 1505 ND 2.4 ND ND ND ND 1.6 ND 2 1.9
Dodecanoic acid 1551 3.5 2.1 5.3 2.6 0.3 15 ND ND 0.9 1.1
β-Caryophyllene oxide 1561 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.3 ND 1.2 2.9
n-Tetradecanal 1596 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.1 ND 2.7 1.5
n-Pentadecanal; 1688 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.8 ND
Tetradecanoic acid 1734 ND ND 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Hexadecanoic acid 1779 ND ND 0.7 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 1820 ND ND 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
% of identified components 71.8 75.1 71.8 78.4 76.8 77.1 82.9 64.8 88.5 82.2
Grouped components
Monoterpene hydrocarbons 0.9 1.3 0.6 1.1 1 ND ND 0.8 0.1 ND
Oxygen-containing monoterpenes 6.2 7 18.6 10.6 17.5 3.2 9.6 0.8 5.4 3.8
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons ND 6.3 2.5 ND ND 9.7 12.6 ND 6.9 4.7
Oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes ND ND 7.1 ND ND ND 1.3 ND 1.2 2.9
Phenylpropanoids 1.4 1.7 6.4 3.5 2.6 ND 3.1 3 3.2 3.6
Oil yield (v/w) <0.05% <0.05% 0.01% <0.05% <0.05% <0.05% <0.05% <0.05% <0.05% <0.05%

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Subjects: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Inês Martins Laranjeira
,
Alberto Carlos Pires Dias
,
Filipa Lacerda Pinto-Ribeiro
View Times: 524
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 08 Nov 2023
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