Genista tridentata Phytochemical Characterization: Comparison
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Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Jessie Wu and Version 1 by Alberto Dias.

Genista tridentata (L.) Willk., known as “prickled broom”, is a Leguminosae (Fabaceae) species native to the Iberian Peninsula, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It is used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, for gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders, rheumatism, and headaches, to lower blood pressure, against hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. 

  • traditional medicine
  • biological properties
  • Genista tridentata
  • Pterospartum tridentatum
  • nutraceuticals

1. Introduction

Wild edible plants are an important piece of the cultural and genetic heritage of distinct world regions, representing high importance, predominantly in rural and suburban areas [1]. Furthermore, they are interesting sources of bioactive compounds and need recognition as considerable contributors to human health promotion and disease prevention [2].
Genista tridentata (L.) Willk. (the recognized name for this species), also known as Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) Willk. (the commonly used name in both scientific literature and commercially available extracts. Among other synonyms, Chamaespartum tridentatum (P.) Gibbs is also used [3,4][3][4]). Commonly known as “prickled broom”, it is a Leguminosae (Fabaceae) species belonging to the subfamily Papilionoideae [5,6][5][6]. In line with scientific literature and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database [7], the recorded countries of origin for the plant remain consistent, comprising Portugal, Spain, and Morocco. However, it is important to mention that the Plants of the World Online (POWO) database [8] also lists Algeria and Tunisia as potential countries of origin for this plant. This shrub can be found in the understory of Arbutus unedo, Pinus, and Eucalyptus forests, as well as in abandoned lands. It grows spontaneously up to 100 cm in acidic soils [9] and presents yellow flowers with a typical odor in alternate branches and coriaceous winged stems [10]. Traditionally, it is harvested in the spring between March and June.
G. tridentata is an aromatic plant that is very important in Portuguese gastronomy. The leaves are conventionally used as a condiment/spice for the seasoning of traditional rice and meat dishes [11]. Moreover, fresh or shade-dried flowers of G. tridentata are also used in folk medicine, in infusions, decoctions, and tonics [12] as anti-inflammatory [13,14,15][13][14][15], diuretic and depurative of the liver [5,11,16,17][5][11][16][17]. It is commonly used to ameliorate colds [5[5][18],18], in digestive disorders [5[5][18][19][20],18,19,20], intestinal [21,22][21][22] and urologic problems [5[5][11][15][16][18],11,15,16,18], and rheumatism [5,11,16][5][11][16]. Additionally, it is also used for respiratory disorders [5[5][6][13][15][18][23],6,13,15,18,23], headaches [5], to lower blood pressure [5[5][6][18],6,18], against hypercholesterolemia [5,6,18,20,22][5][6][18][20][22] and hyperglycemia [5[5][6][11][16][17][18][23][24],6,11,16,17,18,23,24], and in weight loss programs [5].

2. Phytochemical Characterization

The main compounds found are flavonoids, as well as hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids (Table 1, Figure 21). Additionally, extracts collected in the flowering period (May), as well as flowers, presented a more diverse phytochemical profile than extracts collected during the rest of the year.
Biology 12 01387 g002
Figure 21.
Classification of phytochemical compounds identified in
Genista tridentata
. Each distinct category is associated with a unique color.
Table 1.
Major biologically active compounds were found in several samples of
G. tridentata
(X—detected; NA—not available; ND—not detected).
Authors [17] [23] [9] [15] [20] [24] [27][25] [32][26] [35][27] [24] [6] [22] [15] [35][27] [43][28]
Extraction method Methanolic         Aqueous Ethanolic NA
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Taxifolin
X
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND ND ND ND ND
Other compounds found in the literature include essential oils (EOs) (Table 2). Grosso et al. (2007) [11] studied the EOs isolated by hydrodistillation and distillation-extraction of flowers, stems and leaves, and aerial parts of different populations. Another study [29] also characterized EOs of G. tridentata using the same methodology. The results show that G. tridentata samples presented a yellowish oil with a yield of <0.05% (v/w). The dominant components of the oils were phenylpropanoids, more abundant in aerial parts, and oxygen-containing monoterpenes in the flowers, stems, and leaves. Additionally, Faria et al. (2013, 2016) [31,33][30][31] reported cis-theaspirane and trans-theaspirane as the main components.
Table 2. Composition (%) of the essential oils of G. tridentata isolated by hydrodistillation, collected in different years and locations. (AMF02: Flowers, collected in Arneiro das Milhariças in 2002; AMF03: collected in Arneiro das Milhariças in 2003; AML02: collected in Arneiro das Milhariças in 2002; AML03: collected in Arneiro das Milhariças in 2003; PAPN: collected in Pedra de Altar, Proença a nova; PSFPN: collected in Póvoa, Sobreira Formosa, Proença a nova; SCB: collected in Sarzeda, Castelo Branco; MCSB: collected in Milhasa do Corvo, Sarzeda, Castelo Branco; ND—not detected).
Components   Flowers Leaves + Stems Aerial Parts
Authors [11] [29] [11]
RI AMF02 AMF03 Herbal Shop AML02 AML03 PAPN PFSPNa PFSPNb SCB MCSB
trans-2-Hexenal 866 1.6 0.5 0.1 ND 1.6 ND ND 1.7 3.2 ND
Part plant used Crude flowers Stems and leaves Flowers Aerial parts In vitro culture
cisLeaves + Flowers -3-Hexen-1-ol 868NA Flowers Flowers
1.6 1.2 5.3 ND ND 0.8 3 ND Sampling localization Vila Real Serra da Estrela Serra da Estrela Cinfães Montesinho Herbal Shop—DIÉTICA ® Malcata Gardunha Cinfães Herbal Shop—Ervital Viseu Malcata Gardunha Malcata Gardunha Herbal shop—Ervital
cis-2-Hexen-1-ol 882Herbal Shop—DIÉTICA 1.5 1.2 ND ND 0.8 ND® Montesinho Viseu Herbal shop—Ervital
ND 0.6 1.2 ND Sampling period NA Spring NA May May NA Spring 2012
ND
nNA February May February May NA -HexanolSpring 2019 NA Spring 2012
882 0.5 1.6 ND ND 1.1 ND ND 2019
1.1 0.7 ND 5,5′-Dihydroxy-3′-methoxy-isoflavone-7-O-β-glucoside ND ND ND X ND ND X X ND X ND X X X X X X ND ND ND ND X
5,5′-Dihydroxi-3′-methoxyisoflavone ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND
7-Methylorobol ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND X X ND
ND ND ND 0.3 ND
ND
Benzene acetaldehyde 1002 1.8 1.8 ND 0.3 1.2 ND ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
n-Heptanal 897 11.8 4.8
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND ND ND ND
ND ND 0.9 ND 0.5 0.8 ND ND 0.3 ND
n-Nonane 900 ND ND ND ND 0.2 ND ND 2.3 0.2 ND
Benzaldehyde 927 0.5 0.8 0.3 ND 0.6 1 ND 0.6 0.1 ND ND ND X X X ND ND ND ND ND X
α-Pinene 930 ND 0.3 0.3 ND 0.8 ND ND 0.5 0.1 ND Apigenin 5,7-dimethyl
nND -Heptanol 952ND ND ND ND 0.5X 1.6 ND ND 1.5ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NDND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ND 1.3 Apigenin 5,7-dimethyl ether 4′galactoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
1-Octen-3-ol 961 10.7 21 9.2 11.5 22.6ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.7 29.7 15ND ND X ND ND ND
25.8 36.8 Biochanin A X ND ND ND ND X ND ND
2-Pentyl furanND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 972ND X ND ND 2.4X
1.3 0.8 2.5 0.5 ND ND 0.7 2.1 1.4 Biochanin A O-acetylhexoside-O-hexoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X
n-octanal 973 ND ND 0.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Biochanin A O-hexoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
3-OctanolX
974 1.4 1.5 ND 1.9 ND ND ND 1.9 0.3 1.5 Biochanin A O-hexoside-O-hexoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Benzyl alcohol 996 ND ND ND 0.3 0.4 Biochanin A-glucoside X ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND
0.4 1.4 0.6 Caffeic acid ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ρND -Cymene 1003ND ND ND ND NDND ND ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND NDND ND ND ND
ND ND Chlorogenic acid ND ND X
1,8-Cineole 1005 0.9ND ND 1 0.7 1.1ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
0.2 ND ND ND ND ND Citric acid ND ND ND ND ND ND X X
LimoneneND ND ND ND 1009X 0.9 1 ND 1.1X X X 0.2 NDX ND ND 0.3 NDND ND ND ND
ND Dihydroquercetin 6-C-hesoxide ND ND ND ND X
Acetophenone 1017ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND 1.4 NDND ND ND 2.1 0.5 ND ND ND ND NDND ND ND ND X ND X
Ellagic acid ND X X ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
nX -OctanolND ND
1045 0.5 0.4 0.7 2.1 0.3 0.6 ND ND ND ND Ferulic acid ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND
ρND -Cymenene 1050ND ND ND 0.6 NDND ND ND ND NDND ND ND ND NDND ND ND ND
ND ND ND Genistein-8-C-glucoside ND ND ND ND ND X
Heptanoic acid 1056 0.5 1.2X X ND ND NDX ND 0.4 ND NDX X X X NDX X ND X ND ND X
ND 2.1 Ginestein X ND ND ND ND ND X X X X X X ND ND X X ND
Phenyl ethyl alcoholND ND ND X 1064X
0.7 1.2 ND 2 1.7 ND 3.6 3.3 3.4 6.3 Ginestein derivatives X ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X X ND
n-Nonanal 1073 14.5 6.1 6.5 4.6 0.9 10.5 4.1 0.2 0.9 1 Ginestin X ND ND X ND ND ND ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Linalol 1074 2.9 0.5 7.1 ND 2 ND 5.2 ND 2.3 1 Isoquercitrin ND ND ND
cis-Rose oxide 1083 2.9X ND X X 0.5X ND ND ND 2X X X ND X ND X X X NDND X 5.2 2.3 1ND X X
Isorhamnetin-O-hexoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Camphor 1095 ND ND 0.7 ND NDND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND Luteolin-O-(O-acetyl)-glucuronide ND
nND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND
-Undecane 1100 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1 2.3 0.2 ND Luteolin-O-glucuronide ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND
transND
-Rose oxide 1100 ND ND ND 2.1 0.7 ND 1 ND ND ND Methylbiochanin A/methylprunetin ND ND ND ND ND ND
transND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X
-Pinocarveol 1106 ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND 0.2 ND Methylbiochanin A/methylprunetin derivative ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND
2- ND trans,6 cisND ND ND ND X
-Nonadienal 1106 2.1 0.3 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Methylbiochanin A/methylprunetin O-hexoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2- transND -Nonen-1-alND X
1114 0.5 0.4 ND 2.2 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND Myricetin-6-C-glucoside ND ND ND ND X X X X X X ND X X X X X X ND X X - X
Pentyl benzene 1119 1.5 ND ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND p-Coumaric acid ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Menthone 1120 ND ND 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Pentahydroxy-flavonol-di-O-glucoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND
Benzyl acetate 1123 ND ND 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Prunetin ND ND ND X ND ND X ND X ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND X
Borneol 1134 ND ND 1.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Quercetin ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
LavandulolND
1142 ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Quercetin 3-O-galactoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Menthol 1148 ND ND 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Quercetin deoxyhexosyl-hexoside ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND X
Terpinen-4-ol 1148 ND ND 0.7 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Quercetin O-hexoside ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND X
Octanoic acid 1156 0.3 ND 0.5 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X X
α-Terpineol 1159 ND ND 1.8 ND ND ND 1.2 0.8 0.3 ND Quercetin derivates ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X X
SafranalND
1160 1.4 0.3 ND ND 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND Quinic acid ND ND ND ND ND ND X X ND ND ND X X X X X X ND ND ND ND ND
Methyl chavicol (=estragole) 1163 ND ND 0.9 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Rosmarinic acid ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND X ND
n-Decanal 1180 ND 0.3 0.4 NDND ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND Rutin ND ND ND ND ND ND X X X ND ND X X X X X X
PulegoneND ND ND ND 1210ND
ND ND 1.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Sissotrin ND ND ND X ND ND X X X X ND ND
Geraniol 1236 0.3 1.6 0.6 4 9.2 3.2 1ND X X ND ND ND ND - 1.4 2.8ND ND X
Syringic acid ND X X ND ND
Linalyl acetate 1245 ND ND 1.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Trans-Anethole 1254 ND ND 4.7 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Taxifolin-6-C-glucoside ND ND ND ND ND X X X ND ND ND X X X X ND ND ND X ND
nND -Decanol 1259ND
0.3 1.6 0.6 4 0.2 3.2 3.4 2.5 3.2 1.9 Vanillic acid ND X X ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2-Undecanone 1273 ND ND 2.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Perilla alcohol 1274 ND ND ND ND 3.4 ND ND ND 0.6 ND
Nonanoic acid 1274 ND 0.3 1.5 2.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND
cis-Theaspirane 1279 1.6 2.2 ND 12.7 7.1 14.2 5.3 13.2 9 6.2
2 trans,4 trans-Decadienal 1285 0.8 1.3 ND ND 0.1 ND 1.8 ND 2 ND
cis-Transpirane 1286 ND ND 3.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Carvacrol 1286 ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
2-trans-4-trans-Decadienal 1286 ND ND 1 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
trans-Theaspirane 1300 2.4 1.9 3.9 12.1 6.8 17.2 6.3 13.6 10 5.5
Hexyl tiglate ester 1316 ND ND 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Eugenol 1327 1.4 1.7 0.8 3.5 2.6 ND 3.1 3 3.2 3.6
α-Terpenyl acetate 1334 ND ND 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
α-Longipinene 1338 ND ND 0.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Decanoic acid 1350 ND ND 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
trans-β-Dasmascenone 1356 ND ND 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Geranyl acetate 1370 ND ND 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
α-Copaene 1375 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.9 ND ND ND
β-Bourbonene 1379 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.5 ND 1.1 ND
2-Pentadecanone 1390 ND ND 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Longifolene 1399 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.4 ND ND ND
β-Caryophyllene 1414 ND 0.4 1.2 ND ND ND 2.7 ND 2 0.9
Geranyl acetonea 1434 ND 3.6 0.7 ND ND ND 1.2 ND 0.6 ND
allo-Aromadendrene 1456 ND ND 0.7 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
trans-β-Ionone 1456 ND ND 1.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Germacrene-D 1474 ND 0.2 ND ND ND 9.7 3.3 ND 0.7 ND
α-Curcumene 1475 ND ND 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
ƴ-Cadinene 1500 ND 3.3 ND ND ND ND 1.2 ND 1.1 1.9
σ-Cadinene 1505 ND 2.4 ND ND ND ND 1.6 ND 2 1.9
Dodecanoic acid 1551 3.5 2.1 5.3 2.6 0.3 15 ND ND 0.9 1.1
β-Caryophyllene oxide 1561 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.3 ND 1.2 2.9
n-Tetradecanal 1596 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.1 ND 2.7 1.5
n-Pentadecanal; 1688 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.8 ND
Tetradecanoic acid 1734 ND ND 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Hexadecanoic acid 1779 ND ND 0.7 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 1820 ND ND 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
% of identified components 71.8 75.1 71.8 78.4 76.8 77.1 82.9 64.8 88.5 82.2
Grouped components
Monoterpene hydrocarbons 0.9 1.3 0.6 1.1 1 ND ND 0.8 0.1 ND
Oxygen-containing monoterpenes 6.2 7 18.6 10.6 17.5 3.2 9.6 0.8 5.4 3.8
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons ND 6.3 2.5 ND ND 9.7 12.6 ND 6.9 4.7
Oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes ND ND 7.1 ND ND ND 1.3 ND 1.2 2.9
Phenylpropanoids 1.4 1.7 6.4 3.5 2.6 ND 3.1 3 3.2 3.6
Oil yield (v/w) <0.05% <0.05% 0.01% <0.05% <0.05% <0.05% <0.05% <0.05% <0.05% <0.05%

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