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Topic Review
BPA Potential Links to COVID-19
 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a new disease (COVID-19). Certain underlying comorbidities (e.g. asthma, cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity) have been identified as risk factors for severe COVID-19. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can promote these cardio-metabolic diseases, endocrine-related cancers, and immune system dysregulation and so may also be linked to higher risk of severe COVID-19. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most common EDCs, exerting its effects via receptors which are widely distributed in human tissues, including nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), membrane-bound estrogen receptor GPR30 and human nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor gamma. The potential role of BPA on the risk and severity of COVID-19 requires further investigation and focus should be placed on the potential role of BPA in promoting comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19, as well as on potential BPA-induced effects on key SARS-CoV-2 infection mediators, such as angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2).
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Self-Regulated Learning in Higher Education
This entry seeks to identify the characteristics of studies of self-regulated learning that consider the use of technology-enriched environments in higher education.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis is a stepwise process through which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate to progenitor cells that demonstrate a restricted potential and eventually further differentiate to form all mature blood and immune cells. 
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Affective Disturbance in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory synovitis-based systemic immune disease of unknown etiology. In addition to joint pathological damage, RA has been linked to neuropsychiatric comorbidities, including depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety, increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in life.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Be-Al Alloy
Be-Al alloy is a type of in situ metal matrix composite composed of a primary Be phase for strength and stiffness and a continuous Al matrix for ductility and toughness. Be-Al alloy  has the characteristics of low density (2.1-2.2 g/cm3), high elastic modulus (＞170 GPa) and specific stiffness (＞88 GPa/(g/cm3)) as a preferred material for lightweight aerospace products.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Water Pollution and Agriculture Pesticide
The agricultural industry uses substantial amounts of water (the highest in the world) mostly for irrigation purposes. Rapid population growth and, consequently, growing demand for food have increased the use of pesticide to have higher yield for crops and other agricultural products. Wastewater generated as a result of excessive use of pesticides/herbicides in agricultural industry is becoming a global issue specifically in developing countries. Over 4,000,000 tons of pesticides are currently used in the world annually and high concentrations above their threshold limits have been detected in water bodies worldwide. The generated wastewater (contaminated with pesticides) has negative impacts on human health, the ecosystem, and the aquatic environment. Biodegradable and biocompatible (including plant-based) pesticides have been introduced as green and safe products to reduce/eliminate the negative impacts of synthetic pesticides.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of Actions of Long Non-Coding RNAs
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are master regulators of almost all biological processes. LncRNAs perform their function mostly through different chromatin-based mechanisms such as signals, decoys, guides, and scaffolds in chromatin remodelling. LncRNAs play a major role in genomic imprinting. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biology of Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer stem cells have claimed to be one of the most important group of cells for the development of several common cancers as they dictate features, such as resistance to radio- and chemotherapy, metastasis, and secondary tumor formation. Therapies which could target these cells may develop into an effective strategy for tumor eradication and a hope for patients for whom this disease remains uncurable.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Green Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
Green synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles (GS-CeO2 NPs) have a unique size, shape, and biofunctional properties and are decorated with potential biocompatible agents to perform various therapeutic actions, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant effects and drug delivery, by acquiring various mechanistic approaches at the molecular level.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Types of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Vaccine Delivery
Lipid-based vaccine delivery systems such as the conventional liposomes, virosomes, bilosomes, vesosomes, pH-fusogenic liposomes, transferosomes, immuno-liposomes, ethosomes, and lipid nanoparticles have gained a remarkable interest in vaccine delivery due to their ability to render antigens in vesicular structures, that in turn prevents its enzymatic degradation in vivo. The particulate form of lipid-based nanocarriers confers immunostimulatory potential, making them ideal antigen carriers.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Alcoholic Fermentation in Fruit Spirits
Fermentation is a metabolic process of conversion of an organic substrate by the action of enzymes. It is a completely natural process that occurs unhindered in nature.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Modularisation in Construction and Precast Building Systems
Modular precast construction is a methodological approach to reduce environmental impacts and increase productivity when building with concrete. Constructions are segmented into similar precast concrete elements, prefabricated with integrated quality control, and assembled just-in-sequence on site. Due to the automatised prefabrication, inaccuracies are minimised and the use of high-performance materials is enabled. 
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Cryptosporidium and Colon Cancer
The number of cancers attributable to infectious agents represents over 20% of the global cancer burden. The intracellular parasite Cryptosporidium is currently considered one of the major causes of mild and severe diarrhea worldwide. However, less attention has been paid to its tumorigenic potential despite  the high exposure of humans and animals to this ubiquitous parasite and the large number of epidemiological and experimental studies revealing the link between cancer and the presence of this parasite. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Vehicle Forensics
Traffic accident investigation has been used to reconstruct the cause and condition of the accident by using images and driving record data that introduce IT technology, and to analyze both sides of the accident, skid marks, and vehicle damage to identify the perpetrators and victims. However, level 3 self-driving vehicles are the most important factor in determining the cause and imputation of the accident by the driver or manufacturer with control information at the time of the accident. It is also developing into a network and connected vehicle with various restrictions such as the burden of the price of sensors equipped with self-driving cars and climate and rapidly changing road traffic information. In addition, network and connected vehicle driving data are stored on the outside, or various devices and sensors are installed to store information on the outside for convenience in operation, and efforts to enact laws are continuing.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Carotenoids
Carotenoids are colored natural pigments belonging to a large family of C40 skeleton with eight isoprene molecules.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Zoopharmacology
Zoopharmacognosy is the multidisciplinary approach of the self-medication behavior of many kinds of animals. Recent studies showed the presence of antitumoral secondary metabolites in some of the plants employed by animals and their use for the same therapeutic purposes in humans. Other related and sometimes confused term is Zootherapy, which consists on the employment of animal parts and/or their by-products such as toxins, venoms, etc., to treat different human ailments. Therefore, the aim of this work is to provide a brief insight for the use of Zoopharmacology (comprising Zoopharmacognosy and Zootherapy) as new paths to discover drugs studying animal behavior and/or using compounds derived from animals.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Modelling Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, among which are bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor as well as mental symptoms such as dementia. 
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Bangladesh Fisheries, SDGs and COVID-19
Fisheries and the aquaculture sector can play a significant role in the achievement of several of the goals of the 2030 Sustainable Development agenda. However, the current COVID-19 situation can negatively impact the fisheries sector, impeding the pace of the achievement of development goals. Therefore, this paper highlighted the performance and challenges of the fisheries sector in Bangladesh, emphasizing the impact of COVID-19 and the significance of this sector for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), through primary fieldwork and secondary data. The total fish production in the country has increased more than six times over the last three decades (7.54 to 43.84 lakh MT) with improved culture techniques and extension services. Inland closed water contributions have increased to 16%, while inland open water has declined to 10%, and marine fisheries have dropped to 6% over the past 18 financial years (2000–2001 to 2018–2019). COVID-19, a significant health crisis, has also affected various issues associated with aquatic resources and communities. Transportation obstacles and complexity in the food supply, difficulty in starting production, labour crisis, sudden illness, insufficient consumer demand, commodity price hikes, creditor’s pressure, and reduced income were identified as COVID-19 drivers affecting the fisheries sector. The combined effect of these drivers poses a significant threat to a number of the SDGs, such as income (SDG1), nutrition (SDG2), and food security (SDG3 and SDG12), which require immediate and comprehensive action. Several recommendations were discussed, the implementation of which are important to the achievement of the SDGs and the improved management of the aquatic sector (SDG14—life below, and SDG16—life above water).
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cross-Talk during Non-Climacteric Fruit Development and Ripening
Fleshy fruits are characterized by having a developmentally and genetically controlled, highly intricate ripening process, leading to dramatic modifications in fruit size, texture, color, flavor, and aroma. Climacteric fruits such as tomato, pear, banana, and melon show a ripening-associated increase in respiration and ethylene production and these processes are well-documented. Recent studies have shown that non-climacteric fruit development and ripening, involves the coordinated action of different hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, and others.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Advantages and Applications of Total-Body PET Scanning
Total-body positron emission tomography (PET)  scanning can not only image faster than traditional techniques with less administered radioactivity but also perform total-body dynamic acquisition at a longer delayed time point based on its ultrahigh detection sensitivity, enhanced temporal resolution, and long scan range (194 cm). These unique characteristics create several opportunities to improve image quality and can provide a deeper understanding regarding disease detection, diagnosis, staging/restaging, response to treatment, and prognostication. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Feb 2022
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