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Topic Review
Sphingolipids and DNA Damage Response
Sphingolipids are essential structural components of biological membranes that mediate a wide array of physiological functions such as inflammation, cell proliferation, survival, senescence, and death. An emerging body of evidence suggests that bioactive sphingolipids modulate the DNA damage response (DDR) induced by genotoxic stress and therein determine cell fate.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Modulation of Brain Hyperexcitability
People with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have significantly higher rates of subclinical and overt epileptiform activity. In animal models, oligomeric Aβ amyloid is able to induce neuronal hyperexcitability even in the early phases of the disease. Such aberrant activity subsequently leads to downstream accumulation of toxic proteins, and ultimately to further neurodegeneration and neuronal silencing mediated by concomitant tau accumulation. Several neurotransmitters participate in the initial hyperexcitable state, with increased synaptic glutamatergic tone and decreased GABAergic inhibition. These changes appear to activate excitotoxic pathways and, ultimately, cause reduced long-term potentiation, increased long-term depression, and increased GABAergic inhibitory remodelling at the network level. Brain hyperexcitability has therefore been identified as a potential target for therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing cognition, and, possibly, disease modification in the longer term. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the potential efficacy in targeting hyperexcitability in AD, with levetiracetam showing some encouraging effects. Newer compounds and techniques, such as gene editing via viral vectors or brain stimulation, also show promise. Diagnostic challenges include identifying best biomarkers for measuring sub-clinical epileptiform discharges. Determining the timing of any intervention is critical and future trials will need to carefully stratify participants with respect to the phase of disease pathology.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Machine Learning and Vegetable Science
Along with essential nutrients and trace elements, vegetables provide raw materials for the food processing industry. Despite this, plant diseases and unfavorable weather patterns continue to threaten the delicate balance between vegetable production and consumption. It is critical to utilize machine learning (ML) in this setting because it provides context for decision-making related to breeding goals. 
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Grape Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments broadly distributed in plants with great potential to be used as food colorants due to their range of colors, innocuous nature, and positive impact on human health. However, these molecules are unstable and affected by pH changes, oxidation and high temperatures, making it very important to extract them using gentle non-thermal technologies.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Corneal Epithelial Stem Cells
In the human cornea, regeneration of the epithelium is regulated by the stem cell reservoir of the limbus, which is the marginal region of the cornea representing the anatomical and functional border between the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. In support of this concept, extensive limbal damage, e.g., by chemical or thermal injury, inflammation, or surgery, may induce limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) leading to vascularization and opacification of the cornea and eventually vision loss. These acquired forms of limbal stem cell deficiency may occur uni- or bilaterally, which is important for the choice of treatment. Moreover, a variety of inherited diseases, such as congenital aniridia or dyskeratosis congenita, are characterized by LSCD typically occurring bilaterally. Several techniques of autologous and allogenic stem cell transplantation have been established. The limbus can be restored by transplantation of whole limbal grafts, small limbal biopsies or by ex vivo-expanded limbal cells.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
E-Cigarette Industrial Clusters in Shenzhen
As an emerging industry, e-cigarettes have been greatly prosperous globally in recent years. In China, Shenzhen is the center of e-cigarette production, and a complete business ecosystem has been built at this point. 
  • 1.6K
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Conifer Biotechnology
Conifers are a group of plants that encompasses the oldest living trees and shrubs on our planet. They have existed for more than 300 million years, starting from a common ancestor of gymnosperms and angiosperms. Conifers comprise two-thirds of gymnosperms and include species of high forest interest, such as pines, spruces, cypresses, or sequoias. Conifers constitute the largest and most diverse group of gymnosperms. Conifers and other gymnosperms were the dominant trees during the Mesozoic Era, which is also known as the Age of the Conifers, although they posteriorly declined and were replaced by angiosperms as the dominant group.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Toshiba Libretto
The Libretto was a line of subnotebook computers designed and produced by Toshiba. The line was distinguished by its combination of functionality and small size, squeezing a full Windows PC into a device the size of a paperback book. The first Libretto model, the Libretto 20, was released on April 17, 1996 (in Japan only), with a volume of 821 cm3 (50.1 cu in) and weighing just 840 g (30 oz), making it by far, the world's smallest commercially available Windows PC at the time, and a trend the Libretto Range continued for many years. The original Libretto line was discontinued in Europe and the U.S. in 1999, but the production continued in Japan with the SS, FF and then the L series until 2002. The first L series Libretto (The L1) was released on 18 May 2001 (in Japan only) and the last (The L5) just 11 Months later on 24 April 2002. Production of all Librettos ceased from 2002 until the release of the Libretto U100 in 2005. It was a further five years before the Libretto returned again in 2010 with the limited-edition dual touch screen tablet W100 model.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Deno
Deno is a runtime for JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly that is based on the V8 JavaScript engine and the Rust programming language. Deno was co-created by Ryan Dahl, who also created Node.js. Deno explicitly takes on the role of both runtime and package manager within a single executable, rather than requiring a separate package-management program.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Residual Biomass Resources in Kazakhstan
Agricultural, animal and municipal solid waste are available to produce energy in Kazakhstan based on combustion technologies; however, animal waste and agricultural are the main potential sources with 61.02% and 38.34% of the theoretical total biomass potential energy analyses, respectively. Inadequate disposal of residual biomass can cause soil contamination, compromise the quality of water resources and promote environmental disturbances among species. As a consequence, the residual biomass before its final disposal needs to undergo an appropriate treatment process to reduce its potential environmental risk. Residual biomass from agricultural, animal and solid waste has been considered for energy production in Kazakhstan, to be incorporated into existing fuel storage and handling systems and be co-fired. Energy valorization from residual biomass would also be a key component in waste management into valuable products in a circular economy.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Transcription and RNA Editing in Plant Chloroplasts
RNA editing is generally perceived as a repair tool to correct genomic mutation (point mutation) at the transcript level in organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thalassotherapy for Improving Well-Being and Post-Oncology Recovery
Cancer treatments have undergone significant advances, although they are not exempt from side effects, including skin toxicity. Different studies show that skin care for cancer patients can be effective in reducing sequelae such as inflammation, xerosis, skin rash, and radiodermatitis, among others. It is necessary to implement measures that improve the patient’s well-being and, therefore, thalassotherapy techniques and the marine environment could be an effective resource to achieve this goal. Thalassotherapy is the combined use of marine elements (water, algae, mud and climate), in a marine environment for healing and well-being improvement purposes. 
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Overview of the Development of ZnO-Based Varistors
Voltage surge protection devices (SPDs) or surge arresters rely on metal oxide varistors (MOVs) to safeguard electrical equipment in consumer electronics and industrial electric power systems against the destructive temporary overvoltages (TOVs) resulting from transient switching surges or lightning strikes. The primary function of voltage-sensitive MOVs in SPDs is to prevent the damage caused by high-energy transients by clamping or eliminating them when a surge occurs. These MOVs are mounted in parallel with the components that they are designed to protect.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Association between Internal Control and Sustainability
With the integration of sustainable development into all aspects of the economy, politics, society, culture, and ecology, the effectiveness and innovation of enterprises in sustainability have become global research issues. Internal control affects the current operation and management as the main means for enterprises to maintain normal production and operation and prevent risks. Internal control has, on the one hand, positive effects on enterprise sustainability by improving the quality of financial information, derived effects, and spillover effects. However, on the other hand, internal control can be detrimental to enterprise sustainability by increasing compliance costs and legal liabilities. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources Systems
Renewable energy solutions are appropriate for on-grid and off-grid applications, acting as a supporter for the utility network or rural locations without the need to develop or extend costly and difficult grid infrastructure. As a result, hybrid renewable energy sources (HRES) have become a popular option for grid-connected or standalone systems. HRES are systems that are reliable, CO2-emission-free, and an effective solution for minimizing dependency on one renewable resource. In attaining a reliable, clean, and cost-effective system, sizing optimal HRES is a crucial challenge.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Ni Single-Atom Catalysts
Nickel is a well-known catalyst in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. It is currently used in industrial processes as a homogenous and heterogeneous catalyst. However, to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of catalytic processes, the development of single-atom catalysts (SACs) seems promising. Some SACs have already shown increased activity and stability as compared to nanoparticle catalysts.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
The Skeptical Environmentalist
The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World (Danish: Verdens sande tilstand, literal translation: The True State of the World) is a book by Danish environmentalist author Bjørn Lomborg, controversial for its claims that overpopulation, declining energy resources, deforestation, species loss, water shortages, certain aspects of global warming, and an assortment of other global environmental issues are unsupported by statistical analysis of the relevant data. It was first published in Danish in 1998, while the English edition was published as a work in environmental economics by Cambridge University Press in 2001. Due to the scope of the project, comprising the range of topics addressed, the diversity of data and sources employed, and the many types of conclusions and comments advanced, The Skeptical Environmentalist does not fit easily into a particular scientific discipline or methodology. Although published by the social sciences division of Cambridge University Press, the findings and conclusions were widely challenged on the basis of natural science. This interpretation of The Skeptical Environmentalist as a work of environmental science generated much of the controversy and debate that surrounded the book.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fecal Markers of Inflammation
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract whose etiology is unknown. Pathogenesis of IBD is attributed to the complex interaction of genetic susceptibility, environmental factors (such as smoking, diet, and infections), and the gut microbiota. This results in an uncontrolled immune response leading to mucosal damage. IBDs are characterized by a relapsing and remitting course and require lifelong treatment. Therapy aims to induce remission, maintain remission, and avoid disease progression. Fecal markers are a heterogeneous group of biological substances formed by the inflamed intestinal mucosa or pass through it and enter the intestinal lumen and feces, where they can be measured. The advantage of fecal markers of inflammation over blood markers is that they provide information about the inflammatory process’s location, particularly the location along the gastrointestinal tract. Still, they also are not specific to IBD.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Electroplated Functional Materials
Electroplating has been favored to date as a surface treatment technology in various industries in the development of semiconductors, automobiles, ships, and steel due to its advantages of being a simple, solution-based process, with low cost and high throughput. Recently, classical electroplating has been reborn as an advanced manufacturing process for functional materials by combining it with unconventional optical three-dimensional (3D) nanofabrication techniques capable of generating polymer templates with high-resolution 3D periodic nanostructures.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Mycorrhizae and Water Quality
Mycorrhizae fungi are 400 million-year-old plant symbionts whose evolutionary success has been attributed to their ability to expand the rhizosphere of plants, enabling greater uptake of nutrients from surrounding soils in exchange for photosynthate provided by their host plants.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Jan 2021
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