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Topic Review
Magnesium and Zinc: Critical Biomarkers for Skin Expansion
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have been transforming the medical field, providing new methods for repairing and regenerating damaged skin. Zinc and magnesium have been identified as key elements in tissue scaffolds for skin expansion. The mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and cellular responsiveness of tissue scaffolds are significantly influenced by these factors. Both elements have been incorporated to scaffolds using a variety of techniques, increasing their capacity for skin expansion. Smart 4D BIOdegradable METallic Shape-shifting Implants For Dynamic Tissue Restoration Horizon Europe project No 101047008 HORIZON-EIC-2021-PATHFINDEROPEN-01  
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Deep Brain Stimulation
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an invasive but established neurosurgical procedure that involves the implantation of one or more electrodes into a targeted brain area, an implantable pulse generator (IPG), and an extension connecting the electrode to the IPG. The IPG contains the battery and circuitry, which generate the electrical signal that is delivered to the targeted brain structure. The DBS system allows for the delivery of electrical pulses to specific areas of the brain with minimal effects on nearby regions.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Rare Earth Elements (REE)
The rare earth elements (REE) comprise a group of 16 chemically very similar elements that occur widespread in rocks, soils, and water bodies, share similar ionic radii to the essential element Ca2+, and consequently also occur in biota. Given that REE form mainly trivalent cations, they also share similarities to Al3+. Compared to their chemical cognate Ca, they have a higher reactivity. Thus, their accumulation in soils may constitute a severe environmental threat. Over the last decades, the increasing use of REE in modern technology and fertilizers raised concerns about the pollution of soils and water bodies, which led to a rapidly increasing number of publications dealing with REE toxicity to plants, animals and humans, the fate of REE in soil–plant systems, REE cycling in ecosystems and impacts of REE pollution on food security.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
IoT Word's Hardware Requirements
The growth of the number of devices connected to the Internet is steadily increasing. In the future, more and more everyday objects will host embedded electronics to make them smarter and more useful then before, under the name of Internet of Things (IoT). Most of these items will be powered by small batteries and thus will have a limited energy budget. They will have to accurately balance performances and power usage to extend their lifespan. This can be implemented at various level, from the lowest one, the technology, to the highest, the algorithm. It is not possible to send all the data to a cloud server for processing, in particular if data can be preprocessed effectively to save computational resources on the cloud and to send only useful information. This paradigm is called edge-computing, as the end devices act at the "edge" of the cloud. This survey paper presents various recent ultra-low power hardware architectures for IoT, along with the explanation of some low power techniques to make the IoT tasks possibile at the large scales required. Some newest research topics are discussed, leading to the description of a fully functional digital system which encloses all the presented techniques.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Molten Salt Energy Storage
One may apply a molten salt storage to core power plants in the energy system with renewable energy sources. The application allows to extend the range of the load of the core power plants and thus better respond to and compensate the fluctuations of the power supplied from the renewables. The application may include the steam turbines from power cycles where fossil fueled boilers were withdrawn. The integration of the core units, the older turbines and the molten salt storage requires a detailed analysis of the existing systems. The entry describes several suggestions for this application and shows the results of the numerical simulations of their operation.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Integration of Photovoltaic
Electric vehicles are promising and essential to reduce the carbon footprint from the transport sector. Grid power is the primary source to charge the EV. Currently, grid power which comes from burning fossil fuel is not environmentally benevolent. Solar-powered electric vehicles are promising as the required power to charge the EV comes from the PV system, which generates benign energy. PV system can be installed in the car shed or rooftop of a building. For commercial buildings, vehicles are mainly parked during the peak solar radiation time, which can be utilised to charge the EV by employing PV.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Negative Strand RNA Virus Nucleocapsid
The nucleocapsid of negative strand RNA virus (NSV) is a linear protein-RNA complex that is the template for the viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase. The structure of the nucleocapsid protein from all NSVs shares a core motif that is suitable for assembling the linear nucleocapsid. The unique structure of the nucleocapsid allows it to encapsidate the viral RNA genome for virion assembly, and at the same time serve as the template for viral RNA synthesis.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Function of platelet lipid rafts
Lipid rafts are dynamic assemblies of glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and specific proteins which are stabilized into platforms involved in the regulation of vital cellular processes. Recent reports have demonstrated that lipid rafts are spatially and compositionally heterogeneous in the single-cell membrane. Sphingomyelin-rich rafts that are spatially and functionally distinct from the cholesterol-rich rafts are found at spreading platelets. Fibrin is translocated to sphingomyelin-rich rafts and platelet sphingomyelin-rich rafts act as platforms where extracellular fibrin and intracellular actomyosin join to promote clot retraction.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin D-dependent Rickets
Vitamin D-dependent rickets is a disorder of bone development that leads to softening and weakening of the bones (rickets).
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome is a condition that affects many parts of the body. The major features of this disorder include a characteristic facial appearance, delayed growth and development, intellectual disability, and seizures.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Antioxidant Defenses in the Eye
This review describes the main antioxidant systems of the human eye, with particular emphasis in those expressed in the natural barriers of antioxidant protection, i.e., the ocular surface, the lens, the retina and its retinal pigment epithelium. In addition to superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, peroxiredoxins and selenoproteins, inter alia, metallothioneins (MTs) are considered antioxidant proteins of growing interest with further cell-mediated functions. The state of the art of MTs, including the isoforms classification, the main functions described to date and the zinc-MT redox cycle as antioxidant defense system are comprehensively described.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
Protein phosphorylation is a necessary mechanism to drive numerous cellular processes such as cell division, migration, differentiation and programmed cell death. This process is regulated by many enzymes, including cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) which phosphorylate proteins on their serine and threonine amino acid residues. The 20 members of CDK family known to this day regulate the cell cycle, transcription and splicing.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Electrospun Nanofibers in Batteries
Electrospinning spinning techniques enables spinning continuous nanofibers with typical diameters in the range of some ten to some hundred nanometers. Rechargeable or secondary batteries are electrochemical power sources commonly utilized in portable devices such as camcorders, mobile phones, laptops, and electric transportations. In general, batteries are comprised of one or more electrochemical cells. Positive electrode (cathode), negative electrode (anode), porous separator membrane, and ionic conductive electrolyte are the essential components for fabrication of each electrochemical cell, electrospun fibers could enhanced various characteristics of electrolytic cells.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Jun 2021
Topic Review
R-Loops and Its Chro-Mates
R-loops have been associated with both physiological and pathological functions that are conserved across species. R-loops are a source of replication stress and genome instability, as seen in neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In response, cells have evolved pathways to prevent R-loop accumulation as well as to resolve them. This review covers various mechanisms precluding R‐loop accumulation and highlights the role of Chro-Mates (chromatin modifiers and remodelers) in facilitating timely R‐loop resolution. We also discuss the enigmatic role of RNA:DNA hybrids in facilitating DNA repair, epigenetic landscape and the potential role of replication fork preservation pathways, active fork stability and stalled fork protection pathways, in avoiding replication-transcription conflicts. 
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Taraxerol
Taraxerol, an oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpene, is one of the natural compounds that have been investigated extensively for its potential utilization in drug development. It has received major attention for its potential use as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various diseases. Plants containing taraxerol are Hypericum perforatum, Clitoria ternatea, Mangifera indica, and Strobilanthes crispus.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Neuromelanin in Parkinson’s Disease: Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Tyrosinase
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an aging-related disease and the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. The main symptoms of PD are movement disorders accompanied with deficiency of neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in the striatum due to cell death of the nigrostriatal DA neurons. Two main histopathological hallmarks exist in PD: cytosolic inclusion bodies termed Lewy bodies that mainly consist of α-synuclein protein, the oligomers of which produced by misfolding are regarded to be neurotoxic, causing DA cell death; and black pigments termed neuromelanin (NM) that are contained in DA neurons and markedly decrease in PD.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lean Integrated Project Delivery for Construction Procurement
The choice of proper procurement methods has an impact on the overall productivity and sustainability of construction projects. The current procurement methods have alerted the construction industry (CI) due to the exacerbating fragmentation among parties and the resulting low level of productivity. Therefore, introducing a new procurement system to eliminate the above challenges is imperative to the CI.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Regulation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
The cooperative and mutualistic interaction between plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from the phylum Glomeromycota is tightly regulated by both partners at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels, and it is highly dependent on environmental and biological variables.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Dermatan Sulfate in Tissue Development
The crucial roles of dermatan sulfate (DS) have been demonstrated in tissue development of the cutis, blood vessels, and bone through construction of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling. DS classically exerts physiological functions via interaction with collagens, growth factors, and heparin cofactor-II.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Source Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils
Eight types of heavy metals in the soil on the banks of Shuimo River in Urumqi were analysed via X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and national standard detection methods. The UNMIX and positive matrix factorisation (PMF) models were comprehensively used to analyse the sources and contribution rates of potential pollutants. The soil samples were collected from three layers: 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm. Each sample point in each layer was located 5 m, 1 km, and 2 km from the riverbank. The results showed that only the average concentration of Mn in each layer of soil was lower than the background value, and the average concentrations of other heavy metals were higher than their background values. Among them, Ni concentration highly exceeded the background value in the 40–60 cm soil layer, reaching 1.92 times. The similarities and differences between the sources and contributions estimated by the UNMIX and PMF models were also clarified. The similarities of the two common sources (natural source and artificial source) for each soil layer were relatively large, and the analysis results of the two models were within model reliability range. By comparing the Pearson correlation coefficients and distribution maps of heavy metal concentrations in surface soil, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cu were from human sources, and Mn, Ni, and V were from natural sources. In future studies, multiple models should be comprehensively used to determine the potential pollutant sources and estimate contribution rates.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Sep 2022
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