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Topic Review
Network Regulation of microRNA Biogenesis and Target Interaction
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are versatile, post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Canonical miRNAs are generated through the two-step DROSHA- and DICER-mediated processing of primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) transcripts with optimal or suboptimal features for DROSHA and DICER cleavage and loading into Argonaute (AGO) proteins, whereas multiple hairpin-structured RNAs are encoded in the genome and could be a source of non-canonical miRNAs. Advances in miRNA biogenesis research have revealed details of the structural basis of miRNA processing and cluster assistance mechanisms that facilitate the processing of suboptimal hairpins encoded together with optimal hairpins in polycistronic pri-miRNAs. In addition, a deeper investigation of miRNA–target interaction has provided insights into the complexity of target recognition with distinct outcomes, including target-mediated miRNA degradation (TDMD) and cooperation in target regulation by multiple miRNAs.
  • 952
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Tetrahydrocurcumin-Related Neuropathic Protection
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is a metabolite of curcumin (CUR). The benefits of THC may be associated with various mechanisms, including antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, Ca2+-accumulation-inhibitive, TNF-α suppression, neuroprotective, and antioxidant activities.
  • 952
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Pyrophosphate in Vascular Calcification
In vertebrates, plasma and other extracellular fluids are supersaturated with phosphate and calcium, causing a tendency for spontaneous calcium-phosphate precipitation. Therefore, the synthesis of calcium phosphate deposition inhibitors is essential for survival, including pyrophosphate and several proteins.
  • 951
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Counteracting Immunosuppression in the Tumor Microenvironment
An apparent paradox exists between the evidence for spontaneous systemic T cell- mediated anti-tumor immune responses in cancer patients, observed particularly in their bone marrow, and local tumor growth in the periphery. This phenomenon, known as “concomitant immunity” suggests that the local tumor and its tumor microenvironment (TME) prevent systemic antitumor immunity to become effective. Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an agent with inherent anti-neoplastic and immune stimulatory properties, is capable of breaking therapy resistance and immunosuppression.
  • 951
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress-Induced Cellular Senescence
Cellular senescence, a cell state characterized by a generally irreversible cell cycle arrest, is implicated in various physiological processes and a wide range of age-related pathologies. Oxidative stress, a condition caused by an imbalance between the production and the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and tissues, is a common driver of cellular senescence. ROS encompass free radicals and other molecules formed as byproducts of oxygen metabolism, which exhibit varying chemical reactivity. 
  • 951
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pathological Role of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS)  are cellular messengers instrumental in maintaining cellular homeostasis. As cellular messengers, they are produced in specific places at specific times, and the intensity and duration of the ROS signal determine the downstream effects of mitochondrial redox signalling.
  • 951
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Interactions in the Diabetic Brain
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with cognitive complications in the brain resulting from acute and chronic metabolic disturbances happening peripherally and centrally. Numerous studies have reported on the morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, and cognitive changes in the brains of diabetic individuals. The detailed pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in the development of the diabetic cognitive phenotype remain unclear due to intricate molecular changes evolving over time and space. This study provides an insight into recent advances in understanding molecular events in the diabetic brain, focusing on cerebral glucose and insulin uptake, insulin action in the brain, and the role of the brain in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Fully competent mitochondria are essential for energy metabolism and proper brain function; hence, the potential contribution of mitochondria to the DM-induced impairment of the brain is also discussed. 
  • 951
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
3,7-Dioleylquercetin
Quercetin is a well-known plant flavonol and antioxidant; however, there has been some debate regarding the efficacy and safety of native quercetin as a skin-whitening agent via tyrosinase inhibition. Several researchers have synthesized quercetin derivatives as low-toxicity antioxidants and whitening agents. However, no suitable quercetin derivatives have been reported to date. In this study, a novel quercetin derivative was synthesized by the SN2 reaction using quercetin and oleyl bromide. The relationship between the structures and activities of quercetin derivatives as anti-melanogenic agents was assessed using in vitro enzyme kinetics, molecular docking, and quenching studies; cell line experiments; and in vivo zebrafish model studies. Novel 3,7-dioleylquercetin (OQ) exhibited a low cytotoxic concentration level at >100 µg/mL (125 µM), which is five times less toxic than native quercetin.
  • 950
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Purine-Metabolising Enzymes
The enzymes of both de novo and salvage pathways for purine nucleotide synthesis are regulated to meet the demand of nucleic acid precursors during proliferation. Among them, the salvage pathway enzymes seem to play the key role in replenishing the purine pool in dividing and tumour cells that require a greater amount of nucleotides. An imbalance in the purine pools is fundamental not only for preventing cell proliferation, but also, in many cases, to promote apoptosis. It is known that tumour cells harbour several mutations that might lead to defective apoptosis-inducing pathways, and this is probably at the basis of the initial expansion of the population of neoplastic cells. Therefore, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that lead to apoptosis of tumoural cells is key to predicting the possible success of a drug treatment and planning more effective and focused therapies. 
  • 950
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Proteases and Dry Eye Disease
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder that leads to ocular discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability. DED is accompanied by an increase in tear osmolarity and ocular surface inflammation. The diagnosis and treatment of DED still present significant challenges.
  • 949
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and PD-L1-Positive Cells
This review discusses two topics: (i) the prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and (ii) predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors, to shed light on lymphocyte migration in four solid tumors, the urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, and retroperitoneal sarcoma.
  • 948
  • 19 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Skeletal Muscle Wasting
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is the name for a superfamily of proteins, including myostatin, that functions in the body to affect growth and to stimulate the inflammatory response along with other functions covered elsewhere. TGF-β in skeletal muscle not only contributed to muscle fibrosis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) disease, but also promoted skeletal muscle atrophy by decreasing muscle fiber diameter and amounts of heavy chain myosin (MHC) in muscle tissue. 
  • 947
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
GM1 Ganglioside and Parkinson’s Disease
GM1 (monosialotetrahexosylganglioside) the "prototype" ganglioside, is a member of the ganglio series of gangliosides which contain one sialic acid residue. GM1 has important physiological properties and impacts neuronal plasticity and repair mechanisms, and the release of neurotrophins in the brain.
  • 947
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Galaninergic System
Peptidergic systems play an important role in cancer progression. The galaninergic system (the peptide galanin and its receptors: galanin 1, 2 and 3) is involved in tumorigenesis, the invasion and migration of tumor cells and angiogenesis and it has been correlated with tumor stage/subtypes, metastasis and recurrence rate in many types of cancer. Galanin exerts a dual action in tumor cells: a proliferative or an antiproliferative effect depending on the galanin receptor involved in these mechanisms. Galanin receptors could be used in certain tumors as therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers for treatment, prognosis and surgical outcome. 
  • 947
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Anticancer Effects of Glyceollins
Glyceollins are a group of phytoalexins that are isolated from soybeans. They have attracted attention because they exert numerous effects on human functions and diseases, notably anticancer effects.
  • 946
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress-Mediated Inflammation in T2DM-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy is manifested in more than 10% of people with diabetes. It is a common cause of kidney failure and end-stage kidney disease. Understanding of mechanisms underlying the initiation and development of diabetes-induced kidney injuries will allow for the development of more effective methods of prevention and treatment of the disease. Diabetic nephropathy is a wide-ranging complication of diabetes, and it is necessary to discuss the “weight” of pro-inflammatory pathways and molecules in the progress of renal injuries during the development of the disease. A large spectrum of pro-inflammatory molecules and pathways participate in different stages of the pathophysiological progression of diabetic nephropathy, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, their receptors, adhesion molecules, and transcription factors. On the other hand, it is known that one of the consequences of hyperglycemia-induced ROS generation is the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cascades, which, in turn, activate the transcription of genes encoding cytokines-chemokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins.
  • 946
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
PTMs and Mutations of Human Linker Histone Subtypes
Linker histones (LH) are a critical component of chromatin in addition to the canonical histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). In humans, 11 subtypes (7 somatic and 4 germinal) of linker histones have been identified, and their diverse cellular functions in chromatin structure, DNA replication, DNA repair, transcription, and apoptosis have been explored, especially for the somatic subtypes. Delineating the unique role of human linker histone (hLH) and their subtypes is highly tedious given their high homology and overlapping expression patterns. However, advancements in mass spectrometry combined with HPLC have helped in identifying the post-translational modifications (PTMs) found on the different LH subtypes. However, while a number of PTMs have been identified and their potential nuclear and non-nuclear functions explored in cellular processes, there are very few studies delineating the direct relevance of these PTMs in diseases. In addition, whole-genome sequencing of clinical samples from cancer patients and individuals afflicted with Rahman syndrome have identified high-frequency mutations and therefore broadened the perspective of the linker histone mutations in diseases.
  • 946
  • 19 Jan 2023
Biography
Radha Ambalavanan
Registered Scientist (RSci), recognised by the Science Council through the Royal Society of Biology, and a Biomedical Researcher at the Self Research Institute (SRI), with over a decade of academic and applied experience spanning biochemistry, public health informatics, and ontology-based health data integration.  Proficient in utilizing comprehensive academic databases such as PubMed, Science
  • 946
  • 01 Feb 2026
Topic Review
Aptamer Applications in Neuroscience
Being the predominant cause of disability, neurological diseases have received much attention from the global health community. Over a billion people suffer from one of the following neurological disorders: dementia, epilepsy, stroke, migraine, meningitis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, prion disease, or brain tumors. The diagnosis and treatment options are limited for many of these diseases. Aptamers, being small and non-immunogenic nucleic acid molecules that are easy to chemically modify, offer potential diagnostic and theragnostic applications to meet these needs.
  • 945
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
ROS and Antioxidants in Halophytes
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are excited or partially reduced forms of atmospheric oxygen, which are continuously produced during aerobic metabolism like many physiochemical processes operating throughout seed life. Previously, it was believed that ROS are merely cytotoxic molecules, however, now it has been established that they perform numerous beneficial functions in plants including many critical roles in seed physiology. ROS facilitate seed germination via cell wall loosening, endosperm weakening, signaling, and decreasing abscisic acid (ABA) levels. Most of the existing knowledge about ROS homeostasis and functions is based on the seeds of common plants or model ones.
  • 944
  • 30 Aug 2023
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