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Topic Review
Graphene/Tourmaline-Composite-Modified Asphalt
In graphene/tourmaline-composite-modified asphalt, graphene can be used to further improve the road performance and emission reduction effect of tourmaline-modified asphalt. The temperature susceptibility, high temperature, anti-aging properties and rheological performance of the graphene/tourmaline-composite-modified asphalt are better than those of the tourmaline-modified asphalt and base asphalt. The asphalt fume reduction rate of graphene/tourmaline-composite-modified asphalt is higher than that of tourmaline-modified asphalt. With the increase of graphene content, the emission reduction performance increases gradually, and the enhancement effect of graphene on tourmaline performance is more obvious.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
APOE and NF-κB in Alzheimer’s Disease
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has three different isoforms, with APOE4 carriers representing a major risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The APOE4 isoform is associated with many pathological mechanisms, such as increased neuroinflammation. The presence of APOE4 can increase neuroinflammation via overactivation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway. The NF-kB pathway is a family of transcription factors involved with regulating over 400 genes involved with inflammation. AD is associated with sustained inflammation and an overactivation of the NF-kB pathway. Therefore, targeting the APOE4 isoform and suppressing the NF-kB pathway using anti-inflammatory compounds may result in the development of novel therapeutics for the prevention/treatment of AD.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nrf2 to Maintain Redox Homeostasis in Cardiometabolic Diseases
The transcription factor Nrf2 is a master regulator of multiple cytoprotective genes that maintain redox homeostasis and exert anti-inflammatory functions. The Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway is a paramount target of many cardioprotective strategies, because redox homeostasis is essential in cardiovascular health. Nrf2 gene variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are correlated with cardiometabolic diseases and drug responses. SNPs of Nrf2, KEAP1, and other related genes can impair the transcriptional activation or the activity of the resulting protein, exerting differential susceptibility to cardiometabolic disease progression and prevalence.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrency is gaining popularity worldwide, with some countries already starting to regulate and accept cryptocurrency in their financial services. Malaysia’s Securities Commission (SC) announced in October 2021 that over MYR 16 billion (USD 3.85 billion) involving digital assets and cryptocurrencies were traded between August 2020 and September 2021. Since cryptocurrencies are issued by private corporations and are technically beyond the federal government’s control, criminals may use them for illegal reasons such as money laundering and terrorist funding. Consequently, it is vital to examine why investors are engaged in cryptocurrency in the first place.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Sunscreen Ingredients in an Aquatic Environment
Sunscreens have become a product based on increasingly complex formulations that include, among many ingredients, a mixture of UV filters to provide optimal sun ultraviolet radiation protection. A significant group of scientific works deals with the impact of UV filters in aquatic media. However, the knowledge of the mechanism and kinetics of the compound’s direct release, fate, and its transformation and interaction with living organisms is necessary to assess its environmental occurrence and behavior and to predict potential and real impacts on the aquatic environment. The physical‐chemical properties, photodegradation, and release kinetics of particles and chemicals into the water are studied by hydrodynamic and kinetic models. Direct photolysis of chemicals is modeled as pseudofirst‐order kinetics, while the indirect pathway by the reaction of sunscreen with reactive oxygen species is described as second‐order kinetics. The interaction of UV filters with marine biota is studied mainly by toxicokinetic models, which predict their bio‐accumulation in the organisms’ tissues. These models consider the chemicals’ uptake and excretion, as well as their transfer between different internal animal organs, as a first‐order kinetic process.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mill Architecture
The Mill architecture is a novel belt machine-based computer architecture for general-purpose computing. It has been under development since about 2003 by Ivan Godard and his startup Mill Computing, Inc., formerly named Out Of The Box Computing, in East Palo Alto, California. Mill Computing claims it has a "10x single-thread power/performance gain over conventional out-of-order superscalar architectures" but "runs the same programs, without rewrite". Mill Computing was founded by persons who formerly worked together on a family of digital signal processors (DSPs), the Philips Trimedia.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Interesterified Fat
Interesterified fat is a type of oil where the fatty acids have been moved from one triglyceride molecule to another. This is generally done to modify the melting point, slow rancidification, and create an oil more suitable for deep frying or making palatable margarine with low saturated fat content. It is not the same as partial hydrogenation which produces trans fatty acids, but interesterified fats used in the food industry can come from hydrogenated fat,[clarification needed] for simplicity and frugality.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Link Grammar
Link grammar (LG) is a theory of syntax by Davy Temperley and Daniel Sleator which builds relations between pairs of words, rather than constructing constituents in a phrase structure hierarchy. Link grammar is similar to dependency grammar, but dependency grammar includes a head-dependent relationship, whereas Link Grammar makes the head-dependent relationship optional (links need not indicate direction). Colored Multiplanar Link Grammar (CMLG) is an extension of LG allowing crossing relations between pairs of words. The relationship between words is indicated with link types, thus making the Link grammar closely related to certain categorial grammars. For example, in a subject–verb–object language like English, the verb would look left to form a subject link, and right to form an object link. Nouns would look right to complete the subject link, or left to complete the object link. In a subject–object–verb language like Persian, the verb would look left to form an object link, and a more distant left to form a subject link. Nouns would look to the right for both subject and object links.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
HOTOL
HOTOL, for Horizontal Take-Off and Landing, was a 1980s United Kingdom design for a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) spaceplane that was to be powered by an airbreathing jet engine. Development was being conducted by a consortium led by Rolls-Royce and British Aerospace (BAe). Designed as a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) reusable winged launch vehicle, HOTOL was to be fitted with a unique air-breathing engine, the RB545 or Swallow, that was under development by British engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce. The propellant for the engine technically consisted of a combination of liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen; however, it was to employ a new means of dramatically reducing the amount of oxidizer needed to be carried on board by utilising atmospheric oxygen as the spacecraft climbed through the lower atmosphere. Since propellant typically represents the majority of the takeoff weight of a rocket, HOTOL was to be considerably smaller than normal pure-rocket designs, roughly the size of a medium-haul airliner such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-9/MD-80. While HOTOL's proof-of-concept design study was being carried out, attempts were made by both industry and the British government to establish international cooperation to develop, produce, and deploy the spacecraft. In spite of American interest in the programme, there was little appetite amongst the members of the European Space Agency (ESA), and the British government was not prepared to depart from ESA cooperation. Additionally, technical issues were encountered, and there were allegations that comparisons with alternative launch systems such as conventional rocket vehicle using similar construction techniques failed to show much advantage to HOTOL. In 1989, funding for the project ended. The termination of development work on HOTOL led to the formation of Reaction Engines Limited (REL) to develop and produce Skylon, a proposed spacecraft based on HOTOL technologies, including its engine.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Perl 6 Rules
Perl 6 rules are the regular expression, string matching and general-purpose parsing facility of Perl 6, and are a core part of the language. Since Perl's pattern-matching constructs have exceeded the capabilities of formal regular expressions for some time, Perl 6 documentation refers to them exclusively as regexes, distancing the term from the formal definition. Perl 6 provides a superset of Perl 5 features with respect to regexes, folding them into a larger framework called rules, which provide the capabilities of a parsing expression grammar, as well as acting as a closure with respect to their lexical scope. Rules are introduced with the rule keyword, which has a usage quite similar to subroutine definitions. Anonymous rules can be introduced with the regex (or rx) keyword, or simply be used inline as regexes were in Perl 5 via the m (matching) or s (substitution) operators.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Prognostic of Acute/Hyperacute Stroke
Clinical manifestation of stroke is characterized by great diversity, ranging from minor disability to considerable neurological impairment interfering with activities of daily living and even death. Prognostic ambiguity has stimulated the interest for implementing stroke recovery biomarkers, including those provided by structural neuroimaging techniques, i.e., diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography for the study of white matter (WM) integrity. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an extension of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for in vivo mapping of white matter (WM) directionality and organization, allowing the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of major WM tracts and their microstructural integrity. DTI is based on the random diffusion of water molecules. Research on DTI metrics as stroke outcome biomarker is not limited to the acute and subacute phases, as it is also implemented on chronic stroke patients. Direct visualization of long tracts and their potential disruption provides insight into pathogenesis of functional deficits in stroke survivors as well as compensatory mechanisms on a microstructural level. Such knowledge may elucidate which group of patients is most likely to benefit from rehabilitation, and even help personalize treatment plans after the acute stroke phase according to each individual’s needs. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
3-Inch Gun M1903
The 3-inch gun M1903 and its predecessors the M1898 and M1902 were rapid fire breech-loading artillery guns with a 360-degree traverse. In some references they are called "15-pounders" due to their projectile weight. They were originally emplaced from 1899 to 1917 and served until shortly after World War II. These 3-inch guns were placed to provide fire to protect underwater mines and nets against minesweepers, and also to protect against motor torpedo boats. In some documentation they are called "mine defense guns". The 3-inch guns were mounted on pedestal mounts (or a retractable "masking parapet" mount for the M1898) that bolted into a concrete emplacement that provided cover and safety for the gun's crew.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
NK Cell and NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy for Cancer
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Despite multimodality treatment involving surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and tumor-treating fields, the median overall survival (OS) after diagnosis is approximately 2 years and the 5-year OS is poor. Considering the poor prognosis, novel treatment strategies are needed, such as immunotherapies. Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy involves the new feature of recognizing GBM via differing mechanisms from that of T cell-based immunotherapy. 
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Bioluminescence-Induced Photoswitchable Protein-Based Optical Probes
Bioluminescence-based probes have long been used to quantify and visualize biological processes in vitro and in vivo. It is obvious that using bioluminescence to trigger optogenetic tools has advantages such as noninvasive detection and spatial and temporal precision. Berglund and co-workers fused channelrhodopsin-2 with Gaussia luciferase to create luminopsin (LMO) that responds to intrinsic biological light from the reaction of luciferase and coelenterazine. Since then, the merging of bioluminescence and photosensory domains has become a novel strategy for the design and expansion of toolboxes for sensing and controlling biological processes, which is not only applied in neuroscience, but has also gradually come to play a role in other biological areas. These probes generally consist of two key components, the luciferase and the light-activated proteins in one molecule or in one system. Bioluminescence typically created by a coelenterazine-type luciferin–luciferase system triggers the photosensitive domains so as to drive downstream biological processes.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Pharmaceuticals and Pollution
Environmental pollution is a growing threat to natural ecosystems and one of the world’s most pressing concerns. The increasing worldwide use of pharmaceuticals has elevated their status as significant emerging contaminants. Pharmaceuticals enter aquatic environments through multiple pathways related to anthropogenic activity.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Underwater 5G-Based Networks
The term “Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT)” refers to a network of intelligent interconnected underwater devices designed to monitor various underwater activities. The IoUT allows for a network of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to communicate with each other, sense their surroundings, collect data, and transmit them to control centers on the surface at typical Internet speeds. These data serve as a valuable resource for various tasks, including conducting crash surveys, discovering shipwrecks, detecting early signs of tsunamis, monitoring animal health, obtaining real-time aquatic information, and conducting archaeological expeditions.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Diabetic Gastroparesis
Diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) is a debilitating gastrointestinal disorder characterized by delayed gastric emptying in individuals with diabetes mellitus, particularly type 1 and long-standing type 2 diabetes. This condition, although not widely known, significantly impacts the quality of life of affected individuals. The symptoms of DGP, including early satiety, excessive fullness after meals, loss of appetite, bloating, abdominal pain, and vomiting, stem from the slowed or stalled movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Therapeutics for Corneal Scar Treatment
The process of corneal wound healing is complex and induces scar formation. Corneal scarring is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. The fibrotic healing of a major ocular wound disrupts the highly organized fibrillar collagen arrangement of the corneal stroma, rendering it opaque. The process of regaining this organized extracellular matrix (ECM) arrangement of the stromal layer to restore corneal transparency is complicated. The surface retention capacity of ocular drugs is poor, and there is a large gap between suitable corneal donors and clinical requirements. 
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biological Properties of Lignans
Lignans are, phenolic compounds and, as such, have a strong antioxidant capacity, which inextricably links them to beneficial effects on human health. Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is an annual herbaceous plant with blue flowers, widespread in various parts of the world. Flaxseeds are one of the plant matrices richest in lignans.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Endothelial Cell
Tumor progression relies on angiogenesis from established normal vasculature to form new tumor blood vessels. Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) in the tumor blood vessels maintain tumor vessel formation through continual angiogenesis. TECs are heterogeneous with a diverse cellular origin. Moreover, the various factors and conditions in the tumor microenvironment elicit specific characteristics in TECs differentiating them from endothelial cells in normal vessels. TECs are the main focus of antiangiogenesis strategies, and their unique features make tumor blood vessels good anti-cancer therapeutic targets.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
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