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Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing of Ti-Based Alloys
TiAl-based intermetallic alloys have come to the fore as the preferred alloys for high-temperature applications. Conventional methods (casting, forging, sheet forming, extrusion, etc.) have been applied to produce TiAl intermetallic alloys. However, the inherent limitations of conventional methods do not permit the production of the TiAl alloys with intricate geometries. Additive manufacturing technologies such as electron beam melting (EBM) and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), have been used to produce TiAl alloys with complex geometries. EBM technology can produce crack-free TiAl components but lacks geometrical accuracy. LPBF technology has great geometrical precision that could be used to produce TiAl alloys with tailored complex geometries, but cannot produce crack-free TiAl components. To satisfy the current industrial requirement of producingcrack-free TiAl alloys with tailored geometries, the paper proposes a new heating model for the LPBF manufacturing process. The model could maintain even temperature between the solidified and subsequent layers, reducing temperature gradients (residual stress), which could eliminate crack formation. The new conceptualized model also opens a window for in-situ heat treatment of the built samples to obtain the desired TiAl (gama-phase) and Ti3Al (α2-phase) intermetallic phases for high-temperature operations. In situ heat treatment would also improve the homogeneity of the microstructure of LPBF manufactured samples.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Exosomes and Diabetes
Diabetes is part of a group of metabolic disorders characterized by long-term high blood glucose levels due to either inadequate production of insulin (type 1) or poor response of the recipient cell to insulin (type 2). Organ dysfunctions are the main causes of morbidity and mortality due to high glucose levels. Exosomes are part of a newly emerged research area and have attracted a great deal of attention for their capacity to regulate communications between cells. In conditions of diabetes, exosomes play important roles in the pathological processes in both T1DM and T2DM, such as connecting the immune cell response to pancreatic tissue injury, as well as adipocyte stimulation to insulin resistance of skeletal muscle or liver. Furthermore, in recent years, nucleic acids containing exosomes—especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)—have been shown to mainly regulate communications between organs in pathological processes of diabetes, including influencing metabolic signals and insulin signals in target tissues, affecting cell viability, and modulating inflammatory pancreatic cells. Moreover, exosome miRNAs show promise in their use as biomarkers or in treatments for diabetes and diabetic complications.  
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cool Roofs
The use of white roofing material is a suggestion because of its cooling, evaporative and efficiency characteristics compared to traditional black roofing materials. Many research studies have shown that the darker roofing surfaces that are prevalent in many urban areas actually can increase temperature by 1 to 3 degrees Celsius to the environment surrounding these urban areas. Additionally, improved temperature control and heat reflection also work to reduce the energy requirements for the interior spaces of the structures that have white roofing surfaces. The white or lighter colored roofs tend to reflect a part of the solar radiation that strikes the roof’s surface. Consequently, one might believe that white roofing material would be commonplace and especially so within emerging economies. Yet, this is hardly the case at all. 
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Influence of Peanut Variety on Peanut Butter Flavor
For peanut butter, flavor is one of the most important quality attributes, with strong influence on consumer acceptance. There are numerous peanut cultivars on the market, with widely differing chemical compositions and metabolite profiles, which can significantly affect the sensory quality attributes of peanut butter.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sphingolipids and DNA Damage Response
Sphingolipids are essential structural components of biological membranes that mediate a wide array of physiological functions such as inflammation, cell proliferation, survival, senescence, and death. An emerging body of evidence suggests that bioactive sphingolipids modulate the DNA damage response (DDR) induced by genotoxic stress and therein determine cell fate.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Fecal Markers of Inflammation
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract whose etiology is unknown. Pathogenesis of IBD is attributed to the complex interaction of genetic susceptibility, environmental factors (such as smoking, diet, and infections), and the gut microbiota. This results in an uncontrolled immune response leading to mucosal damage. IBDs are characterized by a relapsing and remitting course and require lifelong treatment. Therapy aims to induce remission, maintain remission, and avoid disease progression. Fecal markers are a heterogeneous group of biological substances formed by the inflamed intestinal mucosa or pass through it and enter the intestinal lumen and feces, where they can be measured. The advantage of fecal markers of inflammation over blood markers is that they provide information about the inflammatory process’s location, particularly the location along the gastrointestinal tract. Still, they also are not specific to IBD.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Mycorrhizae and Water Quality
Mycorrhizae fungi are 400 million-year-old plant symbionts whose evolutionary success has been attributed to their ability to expand the rhizosphere of plants, enabling greater uptake of nutrients from surrounding soils in exchange for photosynthate provided by their host plants.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Stability and Activity of L-ASNases
L-asparaginases (EC 3.5.1.1) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia. These proteins with different biochemical, physicochemical and pharmacological properties are found in many organisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, plants and mammals. To date, asparaginases from E. coli and Dickeya dadantii (formerly known as Erwinia chrysanthemi) are widely used in hematology for the treatment of lymphoblastic leukemias. 
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nanotoxicity in Human Primary and Cancer Cells
Nanomaterial toxicity tests using normal and cancer cells may yield markedly different results. Nanomaterial toxicity between cancer and primary human cells was compared to determine the basic cell line selection criteria for nanomaterial toxicity analyses.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Toshiba Libretto
The Libretto was a line of subnotebook computers designed and produced by Toshiba. The line was distinguished by its combination of functionality and small size, squeezing a full Windows PC into a device the size of a paperback book. The first Libretto model, the Libretto 20, was released on April 17, 1996 (in Japan only), with a volume of 821 cm3 (50.1 cu in) and weighing just 840 g (30 oz), making it by far, the world's smallest commercially available Windows PC at the time, and a trend the Libretto Range continued for many years. The original Libretto line was discontinued in Europe and the U.S. in 1999, but the production continued in Japan with the SS, FF and then the L series until 2002. The first L series Libretto (The L1) was released on 18 May 2001 (in Japan only) and the last (The L5) just 11 Months later on 24 April 2002. Production of all Librettos ceased from 2002 until the release of the Libretto U100 in 2005. It was a further five years before the Libretto returned again in 2010 with the limited-edition dual touch screen tablet W100 model.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease comprising two major clinical entities—Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD incidence remains constantly high in industrialized countries and continuously rises in emerging economies. Importantly, IBD is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms that strongly worsen IBD disease burden. Mounting evidence indicates that chronic gut inflammation induces a systemic immune response that might cause the CNS manifestation in IBD. In line with this, biologicals targeting inflammatory circuits exerted robust positive effects on depressive symptoms in many autoimmune diseases, and in IBD in particular. Therefore, research in recent years increasingly focused on the characterization of local and systemic immune reactions in IBD, and on entry routes of inflammatory cells and molecules into the CNS. The ultimate aim is to understand how the changes in the neuroimmune landscape impair the function of neurons to cause neuropsychiatric symptoms. In addition, the role of intestinal microbiota in the gut–immune–brain axis in IBD will be discussed. 
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Enterprise Architect
Sparx Systems Enterprise Architect is a visual modeling and design tool based on the OMG UML. The platform supports: the design and construction of software systems; modeling business processes; and modeling industry based domains. It is used by businesses and organizations to not only model the architecture of their systems, but to process the implementation of these models across the full application development life-cycle.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Beta Function
In theoretical physics, specifically quantum field theory, a beta function, β(g), encodes the dependence of a coupling parameter, g, on the energy scale, μ, of a given physical process described by quantum field theory. It is defined as and, because of the underlying renormalization group, it has no explicit dependence on μ, so it only depends on μ implicitly through g. This dependence on the energy scale thus specified is known as the running of the coupling parameter, a fundamental feature of scale-dependence in quantum field theory, and its explicit computation is achievable through a variety of mathematical techniques.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Skeptical Environmentalist
The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World (Danish: Verdens sande tilstand, literal translation: The True State of the World) is a book by Danish environmentalist author Bjørn Lomborg, controversial for its claims that overpopulation, declining energy resources, deforestation, species loss, water shortages, certain aspects of global warming, and an assortment of other global environmental issues are unsupported by statistical analysis of the relevant data. It was first published in Danish in 1998, while the English edition was published as a work in environmental economics by Cambridge University Press in 2001. Due to the scope of the project, comprising the range of topics addressed, the diversity of data and sources employed, and the many types of conclusions and comments advanced, The Skeptical Environmentalist does not fit easily into a particular scientific discipline or methodology. Although published by the social sciences division of Cambridge University Press, the findings and conclusions were widely challenged on the basis of natural science. This interpretation of The Skeptical Environmentalist as a work of environmental science generated much of the controversy and debate that surrounded the book.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in Health and Disease
The açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), a species belonging to the Arecaceae family, has been cultivated for thousands of years in tropical Central and South America as a multipurpose dietary plant. The recent introduction of açaí fruit and its nutritional and healing qualities to regions outside its origin has rapidly expanded global demand for açaí berry. The health-promoting and disease-preventing properties of this plant are attributed to numerous bioactive phenolic compounds present in the leaf, pulp, fruit, skin, and seeds. It showed that açaí possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and exerts cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, renoprotective, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and antineoplastic activities. Moreover, clinical trials have suggested that açaí can protect against metabolic stress induced by oxidation, inflammation, vascular abnormalities, and physical exertion. 
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Heavy Metals-Induced Oxidative Stress in Poultry
Oxidative stress in chickens caused by dietary, environmental, and pathological variables influences how well chickens perform as well as the quality of meat and eggs. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are two examples of heavy metals that are harmful for chicken health. They can cause oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and blocking antioxidants from protecting cells from increased amounts of free radicals. The oxidative state of heavy metals, their interactions with endogenous antioxidants, and chemical processes all affect how hazardous they are to the body. 
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Evolutionary Progress of Silica Aerogels
Aerogels are highly porous materials with fascinating properties prepared using sol-gel chemistry. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, aerogels are recognized as potential candidates for diverse applications, including thermal insulation, sensor, environmental remediation, etc. Despite these applications, aerogels are not routinely found in our daily life because they are fragile and have highly limited scale-up productions. It remains extremely challenging to improve the mechanical properties of aerogels without adversely affecting their other properties. To boost the practical applications, it is necessary to develop efficient, low-cost methods to produce aerogels in a sustainable way.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Stereo Matching Algorithm
With the advancement of artificial intelligence technology and computer hardware, the stereo matching algorithm has been widely researched and applied in the field of image processing. In scenarios such as robot navigation and autonomous driving, stereo matching algorithms are used to assist robots in acquiring depth information about the surrounding environment, thereby improving the robot’s ability for autonomous navigation during self-driving.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Abscisic Acid and WUE
ABA controls multiple plant physiological and biochemical processes. Here we have highlighted the role of this hormone in the regulation of plant WUE and reviewed promising  biotechnogical approches to confer drought resistance and  improve crop WUE.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
ALS-Specific GWAS Challenges
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most common late-onset motor neuron disorder, but our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and pathways underlying this disease remains elusive. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) aim to identify Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and other types of genetic variation that are more frequent in patients than in people without the disease, using a variety of statistical tests. Despite the rapid recent technological advances and great efforts in the GWAS field that have led to the genomic profiling of large ALS cohorts, the identified associations have been able to explain only a very small fraction of the ALS heritability and aetiology. Here, we outline ALS-Specific GWAS Challenges, explaining the limitations of traditional GWAS analyses, considering known features of the ALS genetic architecture and hypotheses about ALS pathology (e.g., multilocus interactions, rare variations with low effect size). Future advances in the genomic and machine learning fields may bring about a better understanding of ALS genetic architecture and enable improved personalized approaches to this and other devastating and complex diseases.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2021
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