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Topic Review
Immune Mediated Diseases
Immune-mediated diseases (IMDs) are complex pathologies that are strongly influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Associations between genetic loci and susceptibility to these diseases have been widely studied, and hundreds of risk variants have emerged during the last two decades, with researchers observing a shared genetic pattern among them.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Pulse Root Ideotype
Pulses root ideotype is a conceptual root system architecture for pulse plants. This ideotype is derived from root traits that have been documented to be beneficial under soil and climate constraints, in particular, the temperate dryland cropping systems. 
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Alveolar bone remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a highly regulated process that coordinates bone resorption by osteoclasts and new bone formation by osteoblasts. Mechanisms involved in OTM include mechano-sensing, sterile inflammation-mediated osteoclastogenesis on the compression side and tensile force-induced osteogenesis on the tension side. Several intracellular signaling pathways and mechanosensors including the cilia and ion channels transduce mechanical force into biochemical signals that stimulate formation of osteoclasts or osteoblasts. To date, many studies were performed in vitro or using human gingival crevicular fluid samples. Thus, the use of transgenic animals is very helpful in examining a cause and effect relationship. Key cell types that participate in mediating the response to OTM include periodontal ligament fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Intercellular signals that stimulate cellular processes needed for orthodontic tooth movement include receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (DKK1), sclerostin, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). In this review, we critically summarize the current OTM studies using transgenic animal models in order to provide mechanistic insight into the cellular events and the molecular regulation of OTM.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
MoS2 Based Photodetectors
The properties of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), such as direct band gap transition in low dimensional structures, strong light–matter interaction and good carrier mobility, combined with the possibility of fabricating thin MoS2 films, have attracted interest for this material in the field of optoelectronics. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
ADAM 17 and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
For decades, metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) has been the goal of wide investigation. Since its discovery as the tumour necrosis factor-α convertase, it has been studied as the main drug target, especially in the context of inflammatory conditions and tumour. In fact, evidence is mounting to support a key role of ADAM17 in the induction of the proliferation, migration and progression of tumour cells and the trigger of the pro-fibrotic process during chronic inflammatory conditions; this occurs, probably, through the activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a central morphologic conversion that occurs in adults during wound healing, tumour progression and organ fibrosis. EMT is characterised by the disassembly of cell–cell contacts, remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton and separation of cells, and generates fibroblast-like cells that express mesenchymal markers and have migratory properties. This transition is characterised by loss of epithelial proteins such as E-cadherin and the acquisition of new mesenchymal markers, including vimentin and a-smooth muscle actin.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Decentralized Finance
The term Decentralized Finance (DeFi) refers to an alternative financial infrastructure built on top of public blockchains. DeFi uses smart contracts to create protocols that replicate existing financial services in a more open, interoperable, and transparent way Source. 
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Fungi in Pine Wilt Disease
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a complex disease that severely affects the biodiversity and economy of Eurasian coniferous forests. Three factors are described as the main elements of the disease: the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the insect-vector Monochamus spp., and the host tree, mainly Pinus spp. Nonetheless, other microbial interactors have also been considered.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Place Attachment and Behavioral Intentions
Place attachment is a key concept in understanding affective person–place relationships, and it provides an appropriate approach for the study of human behavior.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Sustainability of Hybrid Organizations and Circular Economy Models
Hybrid organizations that adopt circular economy contribute to sustainable development by implementing initiatives aimed at healing, preserving, and improving the world through the production of goods or the provisions of services ("CARE"). Additionally, the ability of hybrid organizations to foster sustainable development is based on their ability to develop and maintain relationships with the surrounding organizational realities, as well as actively involve the local community ("DO WITH"). At the same time, getting in touch with other socioeconomic actors allows the hybrid organization to educate and to be educated, sharing skills and competences ("PEDAGOGY").
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Aspiration Pneumonia and Dysphagia in the Elderly
Pneumonia in the elderly has been increasing on an annual basis. To a greater or lesser extent, aspiration is a major contributor to the development of pneumonia in the elderly. Antimicrobials alone are not sufficient for the treatment of pneumonia, and the condition may become intractable or even recur repeatedly. In addition, some patients with pneumonia may have no problems with eating, while others are unable to receive the necessary nutrition due to severe dysphagia. It has been found that pneumonia decreases both the muscle mass and strength of the swallowing and respiratory muscles, a condition named pneumonia-associated sarcopenia. This contributes to a pathophysiological time-axis of aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia in the elderly, in which silent aspiration leads to the development of pneumonia, and further to dysphagia, malnutrition, and low immunity. 
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Medcyclopaedia
This is a list of medical wikis, collaboratively-editable websites that focus on medical information. Many of the most popular medical wikis take the form of encyclopedias, with a separate article for each medical term. Some of these websites, such as WikiDoc and Radiopaedia, are editable by anyone, while others, such as Ganfyd, restrict editing access to professionals. The majority of them have content available only in English. The largest and most popular general encyclopedia, Wikipedia, also hosts a significant amount of health and medical information.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Curcumin in Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). It is a chronic autoimmune inflammation of unclear etiology affecting the colon and rectum, characterized by unpredictable exacerbation and remission phases. Conventional treatment options for UC include mesalamine, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biologics. The management of UC is challenging, and other therapeutic options are constantly being sought. More attention is being paid to curcumin, a main active polyphenol found in the turmeric root, which has numerous beneficial effects in the human body, including anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidative properties targeting several cellular pathways and making an impact on intestinal microbiota.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fluoride as an Environmental Toxin
Fluorine in its elemental form is practically not found on Earth, but it is present in the ecosphere in the form of fluorine compounds. A growing body of literature suggests that labelling fluorides as an environmental toxin appears to be correct.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
3D Printing in the Building Industry
The technology of additive manufacturing, especially 3D concrete printing (3DCP), has been adopted in the construction industry as a viable alternative to traditional construction methods. Although the technology offers a wide variety of structural, economic, and environmental benefits, it is still restricted in use due to certain limitations that are still under research.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Climate Change and Reproductive Biocomplexity in Fishes
The continuing and rapid climate change will have an adverse effect on reproduction by jeopardising successful breeding and survival of fishes impacting on the viability of sustainability in both aquaculture systems and the ocean. 
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Covalent Inhibitors for Neglected Diseases
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) is a group of 20 diseases affecting more than 1 billion people in the world, especially those living in poor communities of tropical areas. Caused by a variety of etiologic agents such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites, these diseases have a great impact on public health, with social and economic consequences to the affected populations.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Photoelectrochemical Cells
Artificial photosynthesis is a technology with immense potential that aims to emulate the natural photosynthetic process. The process of natural photosynthesis involves the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, which is stored in organic compounds. Catalysis is an essential aspect of artificial photosynthesis, as it facilitates the reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Building Participative E-Governance in Smart Cities
The successful implementation of institutional and technological innovation is critical for the effective execution of e-governance in smart cities.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
DNA Methylation in Cancer
DNA methylation is a fundamental mechanism of epigenetic control in cells and its dysregulation is strongly implicated in cancer development. Cancers possess an extensively hypomethylated genome with focal regions of hypermethylation at CPG islands. Due to the highly conserved nature of cancer-specific methylation, its detection in cell-free DNA in plasma using liquid biopsies constitutes an area of interest in biomarker research. The advent of next-generation sequencing and newer computational technologies have allowed for the development of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that utilize methylation profiling to diagnose disease and stratify risk. Methylome-based predictive biomarkers can determine the response to anti-cancer therapy. An additional emerging application of these biomarkers is in minimal residual disease monitoring. Several key challenges need to be addressed before cfDNA-based methylation biomarkers become fully integrated into practice. The first relates to the biology and stability of cfDNA. The second concerns the clinical validity and generalizability of methylation-based assays, many of which are cancer type-specific. The third involves their practicability, which is a stumbling block for translating technologies from bench to clinic. 
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Heavy Metals on Male Fertility
Heavy metals are endocrine disruptors which interfere with processes mediated by endogenous hormones of the organism, negatively affecting endocrine functions. Some studies have correlated heavy metal exposure with male infertility. However, the number of studies conducted on humans are limited. 
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2021
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