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Topic Review
Soyuz-TMA
The Soyuz-TMA is a revision of the Soyuz spacecraft, superseded in 2010 by the Soyuz TMA-M. (T – транспортный – Transportnyi – meaning transport, M – модифицированный – Modifitsirovannyi – meaning modified, A – антропометрический, – Antropometricheskii meaning anthropometric). It is used by the Russian Federal Space Agency for human spaceflight. The spacecraft features several changes to accommodate requirements requested by NASA in order to service the International Space Station, including more latitude in the height and weight of the crew and improved parachute systems. It is also the first expendable vehicle to feature a "glass cockpit". Soyuz-TMA looks identical to the earlier Soyuz-TM spacecraft on the outside, but interior differences allow it to accommodate taller occupants with new adjustable crew couches.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Paroxysmal Movement Disorders
Paroxysmal movement disorders (PMDs) are rare neurological diseases typically manifesting with intermittent attacks of abnormal involuntary movements.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Melatonin Regulate ROS and NO
Abiotic stress in plants is an increasingly common problem in agriculture, and thus, studies on plant treatments with specific compounds that may help to mitigate these effects have increased in recent years. Melatonin (MET) application and its role in mitigating the negative effects of abiotic stress in plants have become important in the last few years. MET, a derivative of tryptophan, is an important plant-related response molecule involved in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants, and the induction of different stress factors. In addition, MET plays a protective role against different abiotic stresses such as salinity, high/low temperature, high light, waterlogging, nutrient deficiency and stress combination by regulating both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. Moreover, MET interacts with many signaling molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), and participates in a wide variety of physiological reactions. It is well known that NO produces S-nitrosylation and NO2-Tyr of important antioxidant-related proteins, with this being an important mechanism for maintaining the antioxidant capacity of the AsA/GSH cycle under nitro-oxidative conditions, as extensively reviewed here under different abiotic stress conditions.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Bacteriophage Therapy of Bacterial Infections
Antibiotic-resistant infections present a serious health concern worldwide. It is estimated that there are 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections and 35,000 deaths in the United States every year. Such microorganisms include Acinetobacter, Enterobacterioceae, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Mycobacterium. Alternative treatment methods are, thus, necessary to treat such infections. Bacteriophages are viruses of bacteria. In a lytic infection, the newly formed phage particles lyse the bacterium and continue to infect other bacteria. In the early 20th century, d’Herelle, Bruynoghe and Maisin used bacterium-specific phages to treat bacterial infections. Bacteriophages are being identified, purified and developed as pharmaceutically acceptable macromolecular “drugs,” undergoing strict quality control. Phages can be applied topically or delivered by inhalation, orally or parenterally. Some of the major drug-resistant infections that are potential targets of pharmaceutically prepared phages are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Acinetobacter baumannii.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
CDSSs in cardiac surgery diagnosis
The advances achieved in recent decades regarding cardiac surgery have led to a new risk that goes beyond surgeons’ dexterity; postoperative hours are crucial for cardiac surgery patients and are usually spent in intensive care units (ICUs), where the patients need to be continuously monitored to adjust their treatment. Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) have been developed to take this real-time information and provide clinical suggestions to physicians in order to reduce medical errors and to improve patient recovery. 
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Macroalgae's Antiviral and Antioxidant Activity
species belonging to the Phaeophyceae and Rhodophceae classes are primarily potent against herpes simplex virus, followed by human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Tormentic Acid
Tormentic acid, also known as 2α,3β,19α-trihydroxyurs-2-en-28-oic acid (IUPAC Name: (1R,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-1,10,11-trihydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid), is a pentacyclic triterpene. Its biological activity e.g. anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-osteoarthritic, antinociceptive, antioxidative, anti-melanogenic, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic has been confirmed in in vitro and in vivo studies. This molecule and its derivatives can be found in various plant species and families (e.g. Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Urticaceae, Boraginaceae), including edibles and herbs. 
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Newborn and Child Health
Home-based records are paper or electronic records retained and used by mothers or caregivers to document the health services received for maternal, newborn, and child health. Little has been studied about the roles of these records on newborn and child health outcomes.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Leaves of Diospyros kaki (Persimmon)
Diospyros kaki (persimmon) leaves have long been utilized as traditional medicine for the treatment of ischemic stroke, angina, and hypertension and as a healthy beverage and cosmetic for anti-aging. This study aimed to isolate as many compounds as possible from an ethanol extract of the persimmon leaves to identify the biologically active compounds. The antioxidative effect of the ethyl acetate layer from the ethanol extract of the persimmon leaves was demonstrated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and online high-performance liquid chromatography-2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (HPLC-ABTS) analysis. 
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Food Plants in Rural Home Gardens (Bulgaria)
The home garden is a unique human-nature interspace that accommodates a diverse spectrum of plant species and provides multiple services to households. One of the most important roles of home gardens is to shelter the agricultural plant diversity that provides for diverse and healthy nutrition, especially in rural communities. 
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Saffron as an Aromatic Spice
Plant extracts can be sources of valuable chemical compounds, with particular biological properties, such as color or aroma. Tinctures or essential oils derived from plants are usually a complex mixture of bioactive components, where their combination usually present synergistic effects. Due to their aromatic nature and the biological activity of their components, spices have been valued for centuries, and among them, saffron is one of the most precious.Saffron spice is made up of the dried stigmas of the Crocus sativus L. flower. Its primary use is in food, where it is valued for its coloring, flavoring, and aromatizing of some traditional dishes.
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Interface Design Patterns for In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems
An in-vehicle infotainment system, or IVIS, corresponds to the set of components used to provide information and entertainment to the driver and other passengers in the vehicle, through interfaces supported with audio and video, control elements such as touch screens, central panels with buttons, voice commands, among others. These kind of IVISs bring with them a world full of interaction opportunities for both the driver and other passengers to complete driving-related tasks and other secondary activities mostly related to entertainment that complement the in-vehicle experience. However, the increase in the number of components provided by this type of system, and even the design under which these elements are distributed, can cause the user–vehicle interaction to increase the complexity of the experience, and therefore, it could make it difficult to carry out secondary tasks and, in a worse scenario, affect safety while driving.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mood Congruence
Mood congruence is a type of recall biased mood congruent memory, not to be mistaken with mood-dependent memory, where an individual's current mood or affective state determines the affective association of the memories that are recalled. In psychology, memories are said to be mood-congruent if they are consistent with a patient's mood or mental disorder. Mental disorders regarding mood congruence are exampled as clinical depression or bi-polar disorder.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Minerals Approved by IMA (I)
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letter I. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). The list is divided into groups: The data was exported from mindat.org on 29 April 2005; updated up to 'IMA2018'. The minerals are sorted by name, followed by the structural group (rruff.info/ima and ima-cnmnc by mineralienatlas.de, mainly) or chemical class (mindat.org and basics), the year of publication (if it's before of an IMA approval procedure), the IMA approval and the Nickel–Strunz code. The first link is to mindat.org, the second link is to webmineral.com, and the third is to the Handbook of Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America).
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Primary Life Support System
A Primary (or Portable or Personal) Life Support System (or Subsystem) (PLSS), is a device connected to an astronaut or cosmonaut's spacesuit, which allows extra-vehicular activity with maximum freedom, independent of a spacecraft's life support system. The PLSS is generally worn like a backpack. The functions performed by the PLSS include: The air handling function of a PLSS is similar to that of a diving rebreather, in that exhaled gases are recycled into the breathing gas in a closed loop. When used in a microgravity environment, a separate propulsion system is generally needed for safety and control, since there is no physical connection to a spacecraft.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Low-Energy Electron Microscopy
Low-energy electron microscopy, or LEEM, is an analytical surface science technique used to image atomically clean surfaces, atom-surface interactions, and thin (crystalline) films. In LEEM, high-energy electrons (15-20 keV) are emitted from an electron gun, focused using a set of condenser optics, and sent through a magnetic beam deflector (usually 60˚ or 90˚). The “fast” electrons travel through an objective lens and begin decelerating to low energies (1-100 eV) near the sample surface because the sample is held at a potential near that of the gun. The low-energy electrons are now termed “surface-sensitive” and the near-surface sampling depth can be varied by tuning the energy of the incident electrons (difference between the sample and gun potentials minus the work functions of the sample and system). The low-energy elastically backscattered electrons travel back through the objective lens, reaccelerate to the gun voltage (because the objective lens is grounded), and pass through the beam separator again. However, now the electrons travel away from the condenser optics and into the projector lenses. Imaging of the back focal plane of the objective lens into the object plane of the projector lens (using an intermediate lens) produces a diffraction pattern (low-energy electron diffraction, LEED) at the imaging plane and recorded in a number of different ways. The intensity distribution of the diffraction pattern will depend on the periodicity at the sample surface and is a direct result of the wave nature of the electrons. One can produce individual images of the diffraction pattern spot intensities by turning off the intermediate lens and inserting a contrast aperture in the back focal plane of the objective lens (or, in state-of-the-art instruments, in the center of the separator, as chosen by the excitation of the objective lens), thus allowing for real-time observations of dynamic processes at surfaces. Such phenomena include (but are not limited to): tomography, phase transitions, adsorption, reaction, segregation, thin film growth, etching, strain relief, sublimation, and magnetic microstructure. These investigations are only possible because of the accessibility of the sample; allowing for a wide variety of in situ studies over a wide temperature range. LEEM was invented by Ernst Bauer in 1962; however, not fully developed (by Ernst Bauer and Wolfgang Telieps) until 1985.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Appications of Natural Clinoptilolites Based on Ion Exchange
There are many natural zeolites, of which a small number, including clinoptilolite, chabazite, mordenite, erionite, ferrierite, and phillipsite offer the greatest promise for industrial applications. Natural clinoptilolites have been the subject for different modifications in order to improve their use potentialities, where the ion exchange property has been a key role for their different applications. Application of ion exchange to modify clinoptilolites, cation selection, mono- and polycationic exchange to create new functional materials for specific applications are key issues.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Exposure to Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Cause Skin Cancer
Acetaldehyde (AcAH) is a carcinogenic byproduct of ethanol metabolism. Ethanol-associated malignancies commonly occur in the upper gastrointestinal tract exposed to AcAH after ethanol ingestion. Unexpectedly but true, emerging epidemiological evidence supports a link between alcohol consumption and cutaneous melanoma, suggesting skin exposure to ethanol and AcAH as potential causes of skin cancer. 
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Modern Flats in London Due to Climate Change
Since the UK government is scaling up its efforts towards net zero, resilient higher adaptation goals should be implemented against heatwaves. The UK’s average surface temperature has increased by 1.2 °C since the pre-industrial era (1850–1900). As per UKCP18, which is largely in connection with prior predictions of UKCP09, by the end of the 21st century, the UK climate will continue to warm, and the sea levels will continue to increase. With the increase in global temperatures, a significant threat of overheating has been reported due to more frequent and severe heatwaves in the UK housing stock.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Leukocytosis Associated with Clozapine Treatment
Clozapine is the only antipsychotic approved for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Despite its superior efficacy profile as compared with other antipsychotics, clozapine remains underutilized. Clozapine monitoring systems clearly describe the proposed management of clozapine-induced neutropenia; however, no specific mention is made of how to interpret neutrophilic leukocytosis, despite that being a relatively frequent finding. 
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Sep 2021
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