Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Radiation Exposure on Caenorhabditis elegans
Knowledge regarding complex radiation responses in biological systems can be enhanced using genetically amenable model organisms. In this manuscript, we reviewed the use of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), as a model organism to investigate radiation’s biological effects. Diverse types of experiments were conducted on C. elegans, using acute and chronic exposure to different ionizing radiation types, and to assess various biological responses. These responses differed based on the type and dose of radiation and the chemical substances in which the worms were grown or maintained. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Treatment of Textile Wastewater
Clothing, one of the basic needs, demands the growth of textile industries worldwide, resulting in higher consumption and pollution of water. Consequently, it requires extensive treatment of textile effluent for environmental protection as well as reuse purposes. Primary treatment, secondary treatment, and tertiary treatment are the three major phases of textile wastewater treatment. Secondary treatment under aerobic and anaerobic circumstances is carried out to decrease BOD, COD, phenol, residual oil, and color, whereas primary treatment is utilized to remove suspended particles, oil, grease, and gritty materials. However, biological treatment is not fully capable of treating water according to discharge/reuse standards. Hence, tertiary treatment is used to remove final contaminants from the wastewater. 
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Seed Banking Effectiveness
Understanding seed viability under long-term storage conditions provides basic and useful information to investigate the effectiveness of seed banking. Besides the germination success, seedling establishment is also an important requirement, and a decisive step to ensure plant propagation. We used comparative data of germination, seedling growth, and survival percentage between fresh and 10-years-stored seeds of Senecio morisii, a narrow endemic and vulnerable species of Sardinia (Italy), in order to evaluate if differences exist in these traits. Stored seeds showed higher germination percentages than fresh ones, whereas seedling growth and survival did not present significant differences between them, except for seedling growth in plants produced from seeds germinated at 25 °C. This study allowed us to assess if seeds of S. morisii were able to germinate under controlled conditions, and if they maintained their viability and germination capacity for at least 10 years of long-term storage in the seed bank. In addition, the high seedling survival detected in both fresh and stored seeds suggests that stored seeds of S. morisii can be used to support reinforcement or reintroduction actions when fresh materials are not available.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Pathological Angiogenesis
Pathological angiogenesis, which is mainly induced through vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and their receptors, is involved in many of these vision-impairing ocular disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and corneal neovascularization. 
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Bio-Based Value Chains
Agriculture generates 11.4 billion tons of biomass worldwide, including residues from crop production and industrial processing. Improper disposal of agricultural residues results in environmental pollution and the waste of valuable biomass resources. Management of agricultural waste is particularly suboptimal in developing countries where low added-value traditional practices to manage the residues are commonplace.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Torreya grandis
Torreya grandis (T. grandis) is an old relict species within the family of Taxaceae that is endemic in China, often referred to as Chinese Torreya. It has been one of the most economically important tree species in the subtropical region of China.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Soluble Factors and Receptors in Skin Innate Immunity
The pattern recognition receptors, complement system, inflammasomes, antimicrobial peptides, and cytokines are innate immunity soluble factors. They sense, either directly or indirectly, the potential threats and produce inflammation and cellular death. High interest in their modulation has emerged lately, acknowledging they are involved in many cutaneous inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic disorders. We extensively reviewed the implication of soluble factors in skin innate immunity. Furthermore, we showed which molecules target these factors, how these molecules work and how they've been used in dermatological practice. Cytokine inhibitors have paved the way to a new era in treating moderate to severe psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. 
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Ghana’s Potentials in Solar Energy Generation and Development
The future of Ghana’s solar industry seems promising considering the recent add-ons in the sector. Solar has seen various faces of transformation in Ghana, despite major setbacks such as intermittency and volatility. Currently, solar has become the most popular renewable energy source in Ghana and has great viability especially if the future security needs of the country are to be considered. It is undeniable that Ghana’s energy sector has a promising future if favorable policies are carved to promote solar technology. It is also worthy to note that electricity from solar PVs has gained a lot of prominence and attention in various economies across the world partly due to the general drop in the production cost. This has made it relatively competitive to consider against other counterparts such as wind and hydro. Ghana’s solar energy generation potentials are enormous, considering the amount of sunlight received. Governments have kept the drive to improve electrification across the length and breadth of the country which to a large extent, has been successful with about 82.4% of the population having access to electricity. Previously, Ghana was locked in to the use of hydropower for electrification but recent competitive prices in solar PVs have gradually inspired the desire for utility and off-grid solar systems among the general populace. Various data gathered over the past 50 years by Ghana Meteorological Agency (GMA) and other authoritative bodies suggests that the amount of sunshine received in the various regions across the country is more than enough to generate the radiation needed for solar PV’s to function to capacity with a potential error in radiation at +/−5%. The initial increase in solar was a result of various projects pushed across by the Ghana Energy Access and Development Project (GEDAP) funded by a host of donors. Several campaigns have been made to push solar such as the “200 MW Government Goes Solar” by the Energy Commission with the sole aim of distributing free solar panels with up to 500 W capacity to especially off-grid remote communities in 2018. Indeed, it can be said that various solar projects are underway to augment the current energy sources in Ghana especially as the government is determined to uphold the renewable energy target of 10% by the year 2020.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Drug Delivery to Posterior Segment of Eye
The posterior segment of the eye comprises the back two-thirds of the eye, including the vitreous humor, the retina, the choroid and the optic nerve. Posterior Segment Eye Diseases (PSEDs) are then defined as the disorders that affect these tissues with the common main outcome of varying degrees of visual impartment and blindness. The most prevalent diseases are glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). This specialized organ is composed of various static and dynamic barriers that restrict drug delivery into the target site of action. Despite numerous efforts, effective intraocular drug delivery remains unresolved and, therefore, it is highly desirable to improve the current treatments of diseases affecting the posterior cavity. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Polymers in High-Efficiency Solar Cells
Third-generation solar cells, including dye-sensitized solar cells, bulk-heterojunction solar cells, and perovskite solar cells, are being intensively researched to obtain high efficiencies in converting solar energy into electricity. However, it is also important to note their stability over time and the devices’ thermal or operating temperature range. Today’s widely used polymeric materials are also used at various stages of the preparation of the complete device—it is worth mentioning that in dye-sensitized solar cells, suitable polymers can be used as flexible substrates counter-electrodes, gel electrolytes, and even dyes. In the case of bulk-heterojunction solar cells, they are used primarily as donor materials; however, there are reports in the literature of their use as acceptors. In perovskite devices, they are used as additives to improve the morphology of the perovskite, mainly as hole transport materials and also as additives to electron transport layers. Polymers, thanks to their numerous advantages, such as the possibility of practically any modification of their chemical structure and thus their physical and chemical properties, are increasingly used in devices that convert solar radiation into electrical energy.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
The Association between Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance
Biofilm has garnered a lot of interest due to concerns in various sectors such as public health, medicine, and the pharmaceutical industry. Biofilm-producing bacteria show a remarkable drug resistance capability, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Eucalyptus globulus Leaves in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting elderly people worldwide. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD able to prevent disease progression, highlighting the urgency of finding new therapeutic strategies to stop or delay this pathology. Several plants exhibit potential as source of safe and multi-target new therapeutic molecules for AD treatment. Meanwhile, Eucalyptus globulus extracts revealed important pharmacological activities, namely antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can contribute to the reported neuroprotective effects.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
FGFR3-TACCs3 Fusions in Human Glioblastoma
Glioma are the most frequent malignant primary CNS tumors in adults, with an incidence of 5–6 per 100,000 per year, with glioblastoma (with 3.2 per 100,000 per year) being the largest subgroup. The current therapy for glioblastoma is resection followed by radiochemotherapy and their prognosis is always fatal.Oncogenic fusion genes emerged as successful targets in several malignancies, such as chronic myeloic leukemia or lung cancer. Fusion of the fibroblast growth receptor 3 and the transforming acidic coiled coil containing protein – FGFR3-TACC3-fusion is prevalent in 3-4% of human glioblastoma. The fusion protein leads to constitutively activated kinase signaling of FGFR3 and thereby promotes cell proliferation and tumour progression. An overview on clinical and histomolecular features of FGFR3-TACC3-fusion positive glioblastoma is described and the cellular fuction of the fusion protein in glioblastoma cells is highlighted.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Preparation of Nanocrystal technology for Aqueous Insoluble Drugs
The low solubility and bioavailability of aqueous insoluble drugs are critical challenges in the field of pharmaceuticals that need to be overcome. Nanocrystal technology, a novel pharmacological route to address the poor aqueous solubility problem of many poorly soluble drugs, has demonstrated great potential for industrial applications and developments.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Small-Scale Urban Green Infrastructure
Urban green infrastructure (UGI) such as green roofs, green facades, public parks, urban forests, urban wetlands, and unmanaged green sites, provide nature-based solutions (NBS) that offer a promising avenue for climate change adaptation in cities to reduce the negative environmental impacts of urbanization, such as the urban heat island effect and altered precipitation patterns. UGI supports a wide range of ES at different spatial levels including but not limited to provisioning (e.g., food, and freshwater), regulating (e.g., urban temperature regulations, noise reduction, air purification, pollination, runoff mitigation, and waste treatment), socio-cultural (tourism, recreation, cognitive development, social cohesion), and supporting (e.g., habitat for biodiversity diversity), with fewer documented health benefits (e.g., good health, mortality). 
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Eating Patterns in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood, affecting ~7% of children and adolescents worlwide. Case-control studies have shown that dietary patterns may influence the risk of ADHD. Non-healthy dietary patterns have been positively associated with this pathology, while healthy dietary patterns have been negatively associated.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Food Systems
The term food system is used frequently in discussions about nutrition, food, health, community economic development and agriculture. A food system includes all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population: growing, harvesting, processing, packaging, transporting, marketing, consumption, and disposal of food and food-related items. It also includes the inputs needed and outputs generated at each of these steps. A food system operates within and is influenced by social, political, economic and environmental contexts. It also requires human resources that provide labor, research and education. Food systems are either conventional or alternative according to their model of food lifespan from origin to plate.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electrostatic Fluid Accelerator
An electrostatic fluid accelerator (EFA) is a device which pumps a fluid such as air without any moving parts. Instead of using rotating blades, as in a conventional propeller or in the turbine of an airbreathing jet engine, an EFA uses the Coulomb force from a high voltage electric field to accelerate electrically charged air molecules, a phenomenon studied in the academic discipline called electrohydrodynamics (EHD). Because air molecules are normally electrically neutral, not charged, the EFA has to create some charged molecules, or ions, first. Thus there are three basic steps in the fluid acceleration process: ionize air molecules, accelerate those charge carriers and, through ion-ion and ion-neutral collisions, push many more neutral molecules in a desired direction, and finally neutralize ions again to eliminate any net charge in the downstream flow. This principle is used for spacecraft propulsion in ion thrusters. The basic working principle has been understood for some time but only in recent years have seen developments in the design and manufacture of EFA devices that may allow them to find practical and economical applications, such as in micro-cooling of electronics components.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Adult Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a rare but severe complication of hematopoietic or solid organ transplant recipients, with variable incidence and timing of occurrence depending on different patient-, therapy-, and transplant-related factors. The pathogenesis of PTLD is complex, with most cases of early PLTD having a strong association with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and the iatrogenic, immunosuppression-related decrease in T-cell immune surveillance. Without appropriate T-cell response, EBV-infected B cells persist and proliferate, resulting in malignant transformation. Classification is based on the histologic subtype and ranges from nondestructive hyperplasias to monoclonal aggressive lymphomas, with the most common subtype being diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-like PTLD. Management focuses on prevention of PTLD development, as well as therapy for active disease. Treatment is largely based on the histologic subtype.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Natural Antibacterial Additives in Bioactive Wound Dressings
Wound care is a global health issue with a financial burden of up to US $96.8 billion annually in the USA alone. Chronic non-healing wounds which show delayed and incomplete healing are especially problematic. Natural products and their derivatives have long been a significant source of pharmaceuticals against AMR. Scrutinising the data of newly approved drugs has identified plants as one of the biggest and most important sources in the development of novel antibacterial drugs.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Mar 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback