Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Neoabolitionism
Neoabolitionist (or neo-abolitionist or new abolitionism) is a term used in historiography to characterize historians of race relations motivated by the spirit of racial equality typified by the abolitionists who fought to abolish slavery in the mid-19th century. They write especially about African-American history, slavery, the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era. As abolitionists had worked in the 19th century to end slavery and provide equal rights under the US Constitution to blacks, the new activists worked to enforce constitutional rights for all citizens and restore equality under the law for African Americans, including suffrage and civil rights. In the late 20th century some historians emphasized the worlds of African Americans in their own words, in their own communities, to recognize them as agents, not victims. Publishing in the mid-1960s and through the 20th century, a new generation of historians began to revise traditional accounts of slavery in the United States, reconstruction, racial segregation and Jim Crow laws. Some major historians began to apply the term "neoabolitionist" to such historians, and some of this group identified as such.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Nanoparticle Biodistribution
Cancer treatment and pharmaceutical development require targeted treatment and less toxic therapeutic intervention to achieve real progress against this disease. In this scenario, nanomedicine emerged as a reliable tool to improve drug pharmacokinetics and to translate to the clinical biologics based on large molecules. However, the ability of body to recognize foreign objects together with carrier transport heterogeneity derived from the combination of particle physical and chemical properties, payload and surface modification, make the designing of effective carriers very difficult. In this scenario, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling can help to design the particles and eventually predict their ability to reach the target and treat the tumor. This effort is performed by scientists with specific expertise and skills and familiarity with artificial intelligence tools such as advanced software that are not usually in the “cords” of traditional medical or material researchers. 
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Friction Behavior of Rough Surfaces on Contact Mechanics
Contact and friction are closely related to the engineering industry, especially in the technologies associated with rolling bearing, wheel–rail control, head–disk interaction and so on. Therefore, which factors are related to the contact mechanical properties of solid surface and how to design and control the interface friction coefficient are hot issues in scientific research and engineering practice. In fact, the contact behavior and friction properties are closely related to the microstructure of the contact surface. Based on the accurate characterizations of the surface topography, the corresponding research can start from the local contact model, investigating the contact and friction relationships of each contact asperity of the rough surface, and finally accurately predicting the contact relationships and friction performances of the interfaces. 
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thermophilic Nucleic Acid Polymerases
Nucleic acid polymerases are enzymes that catalyze DNA or RNA synthesis, including DNA polymerases (DNAPs), RNA polymerases (RNAPs), reverse transcriptases (RTs), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps), which play central roles in the storage and transmission of genetic information in living organisms, and have been widely applied in molecular biology and biotechnology. Their unique activities and functions have laid the foundation of many broadly used or modern techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and DNA information storage. Thermostability is a desired property of nucleic acid polymerases for many of their applications, especially those involving thermocycling.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Role of Akkermansia in IBD and Cancer
Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) represents approximately 1–3% of the total gut microbiota in healthy people; it is a non-motile, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, oval-shaped bacterium belonging to the Verrucomicrobia phylum, and it is the first and only member of the phylum Verrucomicrobia found in the human gut. Its key features are the ability to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs, energy source for colonocytes and anti-inflammatory molecules), to promote mucin turnover and thickening thereby reinforcing the intestinal barrier and to interact with host receptors with its exposed active molecules thus influencing inflammation and metabolism. A. muciniphila can be used as a biomarker of a healthy host metabolic profile and that its depletion represents a signature of intestinal dysbiosis across different gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases as inflammatory bowel disease and some cancer types. The molecular mechanism beneath the action of this bacteria in the abovementioned diseases and how A. Muciniphila can modulate the response to both conventional and targeted cancer therapy are explored. 
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Use of Steel Slags in Asphalt Pavements
Steel slag is a by-product obtained through the separation of molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces. It can be produced by different types of furnaces (blast, basic oxygen, electric arc, ladle furnaces). The reuse of metallurgical slags in road pavements can pursue aims of recycling and environmental sustainability.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Source Camera Identification Techniques
The successful investigation and prosecution of significant crimes, including child pornography, insurance fraud, movie piracy, traffic monitoring, and scientific fraud, hinge largely on the availability of solid evidence to establish the case beyond any reasonable doubt. When dealing with digital images/videos as evidence in such investigations, there is a critical need to conclusively prove the source camera/device of the questioned image. 
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mutualism
From an ecological perspective, relationships range from to mutualism (i.e., beneficial/beneficial) to parasitism (i.e., beneficial/harmful). Mutualism in international production can be defined as international production that enables socially sustainable mutual prosperity growth between all countries involved in the international production.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Neutrophil
Neutrophils represent about 50–70% of all white blood cells in the human circulation and are widely recognized as the first line of defense in infectious disease. However, neutrophils also have a clear modulatory role in human diseases such as cancer, respiratory disease, and autoimmunity. Infections and/or any inflammatory signals trigger a rapid influx of neutrophils from the peripheral blood to the inflammatory site, where they can utilize a broad variety of effector functions to.  Neutrophils are well known phagocytic cells, engulfing microorganisms or in case of bigger targets, such as cancer cells, taking “bites” of the membrane in a process called ‘trogocytosis’. Moreover, neutrophils are armed with granules that are loaded with proteases and inflammatory mediators  that are released upon activation. In addition, during a so called ‘oxidative burst’ neutrophils release high levels of  reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can trigger cell death of the target cell. Finally, neutrophils can entrap foreign materials in so called ‘neutrophil extracellular traps’ (NETs), which are mainly composed of neutrophil DNA and Granular contents. The effector functions of neutrophils can be triggered by antibodies that activate  neutrophils by binding to Fc-receptors (FcRs), leading to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Although neutrophils are mainly involved in innate immunity, neutrophils contribute to adaptive immune responses. 
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Inherited Thrombocytopenias (IT)
Inherited thrombocytopenias (IT) are a group of hereditary disorders characterized by a reduced platelet count sometimes associated with abnormal platelet function, which can lead to bleeding but also to syndromic manifestations and predispositions to other disorders. 
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Probiotics and Oral Candidiasis
Oral candidiasis (OC) is an increasing health problem due to the introduction of new drugs, population aging, and increasing prevalence of chronic illness.  The intake of probiotics can have a beneficial effect on OC and that the effects could vary according to the patients’ characteristics.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
L19-TNF
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is used as a pro-inflammatory payload to trigger haemorrhagic necrosis and boost anti-cancer immunity at the tumor site. There is  a depotentiated version of TNF (carrying the single point mutation I97A), which displayed reduced binding affinity to its cognate receptor tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR-1) and lower biocidal activity. 
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Body Membrane Extracellular Matrix
The membranous extracellular matrix (ECM) decellularized from body membranes (e.g., pleura, peritoneum, and amniotic membrane, etc) retain multiple bioactive components like collagen, laminin, fibronectin, growth factors, and polysaccharide. In addition, they also possess ultrastructure features similar to that of the natural tissues with distinct advantage in  high density  cell seeding, the migration of repair cells from adjacent tissues, and the mass exchange between tissues. These merits make membranous ECM scaffolds extremely attractive in regenerative medicine including but not limited to skin wound healing.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Decellularized Colorectal Cancer Matrices as Bioactive Scaffolds
More than a physical structure providing support to tissues, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and dynamic network of macromolecules that modulates the behavior of both cancer cells and associated stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Over the last few years, several efforts have been made to develop new models that accurately mimic the interconnections within the TME and specifically the biomechanical and biomolecular complexity of the tumor ECM. Particularly in colorectal cancer, the ECM is highly remodeled and disorganized and constitutes a key component that affects cancer hallmarks, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Therefore, several scaffolds produced from natural and/or synthetic polymers and ceramics have been used in 3D biomimetic strategies for colorectal cancer research. Nevertheless, decellularized ECM from colorectal tumors is a unique model that offers the maintenance of native ECM architecture and molecular composition.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Changing Food Consumption Patterns and Land Requirements
The food consumed and the household size determine the land requirement for food. Continued population growth without improved living standards and adequate food production output per hectare will further exacerbate food insecurity and land shortage in Nigeria.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Metal Complexes of the Porphyrin-Functionalized Polybenzoxazine
Porphyrin is a molecular material with many potential applications. New porphyrin-functionalized benzoxazine (Por-BZ) in high purity and yield was synthesized in this study based on 1H and 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopic analyses through the reduction of Schiff base formed from tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin (TAPP) and salicylaldehyde and the subsequent reaction with CH2O. Thermal properties of the product formed through ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of Por-BZ were measured using DSC, TGA and FTIR spectroscopy. Because of the rigid structure of the porphyrin moiety appended to the benzoxazine unit, the temperature required for ROP (314 °C) was higher than the typical Pa-type benzoxazine monomer (ca. 260 °C); furthermore, poly(Por-BZ) possessed a high thermal decomposition temperature (Td10 = 478 °C) and char yield (66 wt%) after thermal polymerization at 240 °C. An investigation of the thermal and luminescence properties of metal–porphyrin complexes revealed that the insertion of Ni and Zn ions decreased the thermal ROP temperatures of the Por-BZ/Ni and Por-BZ/Zn complexes significantly, to 241 and 231 °C, respectively. The metal ions acted as the effective promoter and catalyst for the thermal polymerization of the Por-BZ monomer, and also improved the thermal stabilities after thermal polymerization. 
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Heteroaromatic N-Oxides in Asymmetric Catalysis
Chiral heteroaromatic N-oxides can work as powerful electron-pair donors, providing suitable electronic environments in the transition state formed within the reaction. The nucleophilicity of the oxygen atom in N-oxides, coupled with a high affinity of silicon to oxygen, represent ideal properties for the development of synthetic methodology based on nucleophilic activation of organosilicon reagents.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Short Bowel Syndrome
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) in children is defined as “the need for parenteral nutrition (PN) for >60 days after intestinal resection or a bowel length of less than 25% of expected” by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN). 
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Tuberculin
Tuberculin, also known as purified protein derivative, is a combination of proteins that are used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. This use is referred to as the tuberculin skin test and is recommended only for those at high risk. Reliable administration of the skin test requires large amounts of training, supervision, and practice. Injection is done into the skin. After 48 to 72 hours, if there is more than a five to ten millimeter area of swelling, the test is considered positive. Common side effects include redness, itchiness, and pain at the site of injection. Allergic reactions may occasionally occur. The test may be falsely positive in those who have been previously vaccinated with BCG or have been infected by other types of mycobacteria. The test may be falsely negative within ten weeks of infection, in those less than six months old, and in those who have been infected for many years. Use is safe in pregnancy. Tuberculin was discovered in 1890 by Robert Koch. Koch, best known for his work on the etiology of tuberculosis (TB), laid down various rigorous guidelines that aided the establishment between a pathogen and the specific disease that followed that were later named Koch's postulates. Although he initially believed it would cure tuberculosis, this was later disproved. Tuberculin is made from an extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
DAVINCI+
DAVINCI+ (Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging, Plus) is a planned mission for an orbiter and atmospheric probe to the planet Venus. Together with the VERITAS mission, which will also study Venus, it was selected by NASA on 2 June 2021 to be part of their Discovery Program. DAVINCI+ will send both an orbiter and a descent probe to Venus. The orbiter will image Venus in multiple wavelengths from above, while the descent probe will study the chemical composition of Venus' atmosphere and take photographs during descent. The DAVINCI+ probe will travel through the Venusian atmosphere, sampling the atmosphere, and returning measurements down to the surface. These measurements are important to understanding the origin of the atmosphere, how it has evolved, and how and why it is different from the atmosphere of Earth and Mars. The measurements taken by DAVINCI+ will investigate the possible history of water on Venus and the chemical processes at work in the unexplored lower atmosphere. Before it reaches the surface, the DAVINCI+ probe will capture high resolution images of the planet's ridged terrain ("tesserae"), returning the first images of the planet's surface since Soviet Venera 13 lander in 1981. It will also collect data for studying the planet's origin, and its tectonic and weathering history.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Oct 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback