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Topic Review
Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on Cyanobacteria
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) tends to damage key cellular machinery. Cells may adapt by developing several defence mechanisms as a response to such damage; otherwise, their destiny is cell death. Since cyanobacteria are primary biotic components and also important biomass producers, any drastic effects caused by UVR may imbalance the entire ecosystem. Cyanobacteria are exposed to UVR in their natural habitats. This exposure can cause oxidative stress which affects cellular morphology and vital processes such as cell growth and differentiation, pigmentation, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, and enzyme activity, as well as alterations in the native structure of biomolecules such as proteins and DNA. The high resilience and several mitigation strategies adopted by a cyanobacterial community in the face of UV stress are attributed to the activation of several photo/dark repair mechanisms, avoidance, scavenging, screening, antioxidant systems, and the biosynthesis of UV photoprotectants, such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), scytonemin (Scy), carotenoids, and polyamines.
  • 999
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lysosomal Storage Disorders Linked to Impaired Autophagy
Lysosomes are the main organelles responsible for the degradation of macromolecules in eukaryotic cells. Beyond their fundamental role in degradation, lysosomes are involved in different physiological processes such as autophagy, nutrient sensing, and intracellular signaling. In some circumstances, lysosomal abnormalities underlie several human pathologies with different etiologies known as Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs). These disorders can result from deficiencies in primary lysosomal enzymes, dysfunction of lysosomal enzyme activators, alterations in modifiers that impact lysosomal function, or changes in membrane-associated proteins, among other factors. 
  • 999
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Microfluidics on Assisted Reproductive Technology
Infertility is a state of the male or female reproductive system that is defined as the failure to achieve pregnancy even after 12 or more months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) plays a crucial role in addressing infertility. Various ART are now available for infertile couples. Fertilization in vitro (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and intrauterine insemination (IUI) are the most common techniques in this regard. Various microfluidic technologies can incorporate various ART procedures such as embryo and gamete (sperm and oocyte) analysis, sorting, manipulation, culture and monitoring.
  • 998
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nobiletin and Derivatives
The search for effective methods of cancer treatment and prevention has been a continuous effort since the disease was discovered. Recently, there has been increasing interest in exploring plants and fruits for molecules that may have potential as either adjuvants or as chemopreventive agents against cancer. One of the promising compounds under extensive research is nobiletin (NOB), a polymethoxyflavone (PMF) extracted exclusively from citrus peel. Not only does NOB itself exhibit anti-cancer properties, but its derivatives are also promising chemopreventive agents; examples of derivatives with anti-cancer activity include 3′-demethylnobiletin (3′-DMN), 4′-demethylnobiletin (4′-DMN), 3′,4′-didemethylnobiletin (3′,4′-DMN) and 5-demethylnobiletin (5-DMN). In vitro studies have demonstrated differential efficacies and mechanisms of NOB and its derivatives in inhibiting and killing of colon cancer cells. The chemopreventive potential of NOB has also been well demonstrated in several in vivo colon carcinogenesis animal models. NOB and its derivatives target multiple pathways in cancer progression and inhibit several of the hallmark features of colorectal cancer (CRC) pathophysiology, including arresting the cell cycle, inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, preventing tumour formation, reducing inflammatory effects and limiting angiogenesis. However, these substances have low oral bioavailability that limits their clinical utility, hence there have been numerous efforts exploring better drug delivery strategies for NOB and these are part of this review. We also reviewed data related to patents involving NOB to illustrate the extensiveness of each research area and its direction of commercialisation. Furthermore, this review also provides suggested directions for future research to advance NOB as the next promising candidate in CRC chemoprevention.
  • 998
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Immune Cell Type-Specific Metabolic Reprogramming
Immunometabolism is an emerging discipline in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor tissues are heterogeneous and influenced by metabolic reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). In the TIME, multiple cell types interact, and the tumor and immune cells compete for limited nutrients, resulting in altered anticancer immunity. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming of individual cell types may influence the outcomes of immunotherapy. Understanding the metabolic competition for access to limited nutrients between tumor cells and immune cells could reveal the breadth and complexity of the TIME and aid in developing novel therapeutic approaches for cancer.
  • 998
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
TGF-β1 Signaling in Kidney Diseases
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a crucial pathogenic mediator of inflammatory diseases. In tissue fibrosis, TGF-β regulates the pathogenic activity of infiltrated immunocytes and promotes extracellular matrix production via de novo myofibroblast generation and kidney cell activation. However, TGF-β is highly pleiotropic in tissue fibrosis, and thus, direct targeting of TGF-β may also block its protective anti-inflammatory effects, resulting in undesirable outcomes. Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in TGF-β-driven tissue fibrosis with a high cell-type and disease specificity, serving as an ideal target for therapeutic development.
  • 998
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Biosynthesis of DNA-Alkylating Antitumor Natural Products
DNA-alkylating natural products play an important role in drug development due to their significant antitumor activities. They usually show high affinity with DNA through different mechanisms with the aid of their unique scaffold and highly active functional groups. Therefore, the biosynthesis of these natural products has been extensively studied, especially the construction of their pharmacophores.
  • 998
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Single Cell RNAseq of PBMCs in Stored Blood
With highly sensitive single cell RNA-seq (scRNAseq), our study highlights the effects of blood storage on PBMCs, e.g. gene sets highly relevant to human diseases (NF-kB, AP-1 signaling) are upregulated, and advocates for scRNAseq/bulk RNAseq experiments of PBMCs from fresh blood.
  • 998
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
INK4a/ARF
Genetic alterations in the INK4a/ARF (or CDKN2A) locus have been reported in many cancer types, including melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, lung, breast and pancreatic cancers.  The CDKN2A locus encodes two critical tumor suppressor proteins, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a and the p53 regulator p14ARF. The majority of CDKN2A alterations in melanoma selectively target p16INK4a or affect the coding sequence of both p16INK4a and p14ARF. There is also a subset of less common somatic and germline INK4a/ARF alterations that affect p14ARF, while not altering the syntenic p16INK4a coding regions. This review describes the frequency and types of somatic and germline alterations affecting the CDKN2A locus and their functional consequences in melanoma development. The clinical implications of CDKN2A inactivating alterations and their influence on treatment response and resistance are also described. 
  • 997
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Metformin Regulates Gluconeogenesis through Foxo1
Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Metformin exerts its glucose-lowering effect primarily through decreasing hepatic glucose production (HGP). However, the precise molecular mechanisms of metformin remain unclear due to supra-pharmacological concentration of metformin used in the study. 
  • 996
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
Originally discovered as a relatively new anticancer therapeutic technology, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has since evolved and is now used in many therapeutic technologies. For example, it is used against viruses, such as the recently reported antiviral activity against COVID-19, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, in treating neovascular disease, in environmental sanitation and pest control, and in many other applications. 
  • 996
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Inhibition of Cancer Development by Natural Plant Polyphenols
Plant polyphenols are one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites—it includes around 8000 compounds with different structures. Polyphenols may vary significantly by their chemical structure and molecular weight, but they always include at least one aromatic ring and hydroxyl group.
  • 996
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Intracellular Ca2+ Signalling in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis
Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is a major signal transduction pathway in non-excitable cells, responsible for the regulation of a variety of physiological functions. In the secretory epithelial cells of the exocrine pancreas, such as acinar and ductal cells, intracellular Ca2+ elevation regulates digestive enzyme secretion in acini or fluid and ion secretion in ductal cells. Although Ca2+ is a uniquely versatile orchestrator of epithelial physiology, unregulated global elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is an early trigger for the development of acute pancreatitis. Regardless of the aetiology, different forms of acute pancreatitis all exhibit sustained intracellular Ca2+ elevation as a common hallmark.
  • 995
  • 17 Jun 2020
Topic Review
TRPA1 in Skin
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a member of the TRP superfamily of channels, acts as ‘polymodal cellular sensor’ on primary sensory neurons where it mediates the peripheral and central processing of pain, itch, and thermal sensation.
  • 995
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Lipids
Lipids are hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules, including fatty acids and their derivatives, in particular esters, sterols, steroids and phospholipids.
  • 995
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fungal Origin and Safety
Fungi include yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, mushrooms, and toadstools (harmful mushrooms). They are eukaryotes that comprise approximately 80,000 recognized species. Fungi are among the most widely distributed organisms on earth. As a natural gift, edible wild mushrooms growing in the wet and shadow places and picked by hand were used as a food. From searching mushrooms in the forests and producing single cell proteins (SCP) in small scales to mega production, academia, Organizations of United Nations, industries, political makers and others, play significant roles. Fermented traditional foods have also been reinvestigated, such as kefir, Miso, tempeh, and the like. They are an excellent source for fungal isolates for protein production. Fungal fermented foods and SCP are consumed either intentionally or unintentionally in our daily meals and have many applications in food and feed industries. Fungi are considered a potent alternative source of edible proteins and animal feed, mainly in the form of SCP, edible mushrooms, fungal fermented foods.
  • 994
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Gap junctions (GJ)
Gap junctions (GJ) are specialized cell-cell contacts formed by connexins (Cx), which provide direct communication between adjacent cells, allowing for the passage of small molecules and ions. GJ intercellular communication can be modulated through gating of the channel pore and also through mechanisms that regulate the amount of connexin-containing channels at the plasma membrane
  • 992
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Haptoglobin as Glioblastoma marker
Haptoglobin (Hp) is a blood plasma glycoprotein that plays a critical role in tissue protection and the prevention of oxidative damage. Haptoglobin is an acute-phase protein, its concentration in plasma changes in pathology, and the test for its concentration is part of normal clinical practice. Haptoglobin is a conservative protein and is the subject of research as a potential biomarker of many diseases, including malignant neoplasms. The Human Hp gene is polymorphic and controls the synthesis of three major phenotypes—homozygous Hp1-1 and Hp2-2, and heterozygous Hp2-1, determined by a combination of allelic variants that are inherited. Numerous studies indicate that the phenotype of haptoglobin can be used to judge the individual’s predisposition to various diseases. In addition, Hp undergoes various post-translational modifications (PTMs). Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor. In our study, we have analyzed the state of Hp proteoforms in plasma and cells using 1D (SDS-PAGE) and 2D electrophoresis (2DE) with the following mass spectrometry (LC ES-MS/MS) or Western blotting.     
  • 992
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols of Marine Origin
Polyphenols are compounds found in various plants and foods, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds have unique chemical structures and exhibit diverse biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumor action. Due to these properties, marine polyphenols are being investigated as possible therapeutic agents for the treatment of a wide variety of conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. 
  • 992
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Oral Sources of Salivary Metabolites
The oral cavity is very diverse, where saliva plays an important role in maintaining oral health. The metabolism of saliva has been used to investigate oral diseases as well as general diseases, mainly to detect diagnostic biomarkers. 
  • 991
  • 28 Apr 2023
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