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Topic Review
Consumption
Consumption is a fundamental economic and sociological concept that plays a pivotal role in shaping individual lifestyles, societal structures, and global economies. It refers to the utilization of goods and services by individuals or households to satisfy their needs and wants. This multifaceted phenomenon encompasses a wide range of activities, from the basic necessities of daily life to the acquisition of luxury items, and it has profound implications for various aspects of society.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Street Gang Intervention
Tackling street gangs has recently been highlighted as a priority for public health. In this paper, the four components of a public health approach were reviewed: (1) surveillance, (2) identifying risk and protective factors, (3) developing and evaluating interventions at primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary intervention stages, and (4) implementation of evidence-based programs. Findings regarding the effectiveness of prevention and intervention programs for street gang members were mixed, with unclear goals/objectives, limited theoretical foundation, and a lack of consistency in program implementation impeding effectiveness at reducing street gang involvement. The Good Lives Model was proposed as a framework for street gang intervention.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Social Cohesion: Definitions, Causes and Consequences
Viewed as the glue that binds societies, social cohesion is considered an essential ingredient to address common societal challenges. Definitions and associated conceptual frameworks usually summarise social cohesion as collective attributes and behaviours characterised by positive social relations, a sense of identification or belonging, and an orientation towards the common good. However, there are a large variety of definitions, and disagreement exists about what constitutes the core components, causes and consequences of social cohesion.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mutualism
From an ecological perspective, relationships range from to mutualism (i.e., beneficial/beneficial) to parasitism (i.e., beneficial/harmful). Mutualism in international production can be defined as international production that enables socially sustainable mutual prosperity growth between all countries involved in the international production.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ascribed Status
Ascribed status refers to the social position or rank assigned to an individual at birth or through inherent characteristics beyond their control, such as gender, race, or family background. Unlike achieved status, which is earned through individual effort or accomplishments, ascribed status shapes one's identity and societal roles independent of personal merit or achievement. These predetermined attributes often influence an individual's opportunities, privileges, and interactions within society.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Crip Theory
Disability studies is an academic discipline that examines the meaning, nature, and consequences of disability. Initially, the field focused on the division between "impairment" and "disability", where impairment was an impairment of an individual's mind or body, while disability was considered a social construct. This premise gave rise to two distinct models of disability: the social and medical models of disability. In 1999 the social model was universally accepted as the model preferred by the field. However, in recent years, the division between the social and medical models has been challenged. Additionally, there has been an increased focus on interdisciplinary research. For example, recent investigations suggest using "cross-sectional markers of stratification" may help provide new insights on the non-random distribution of risk factors capable of acerbating disablement processes.[clarification needed] Disability studies courses include work in disability history, theory, legislation, policy, ethics, and the arts. However, students are taught to focus on the lived experiences of individuals with disabilities in practical terms. The field is focused on increasing individuals with disabilities access to civil rights and improving their quality of life. Disability studies emerged in the 1980s primarily in the US, the UK, and Canada. In 1986, the Section[clarification needed] for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability of the Social Science Association (United States) was renamed the Society for Disability Studies. The first US disabilities studies program emerged in 1994, at Syracuse University. The first edition of the Disabilities Studies Reader (one of the first collections of academic papers related to disability studies) was published in 1997. The field grew rapidly over the next ten years. In 2005, the Modern Language Association established disability studies as a "division of study". While Disability Studies primarily emerged in the US, the UK and Canada, disability studies were also conducted in other countries through different lens. For instance Germany, looks at Queer Disability Studies since the beginning of the early 20th century. The Disability Studies in Germany are influenced by the written literary works of feminist sexologist who study how being disabled affects one's sexuality and ability to feel pleasure. In Norway, Disability Studies are focused in the literary context. A variation emerged in 2017 with the first Accessibility Studies program at Central Washington Univeristy with an interdisciplinary focus on social justice, universal design and international Web Accessibility Guidelines (WAG3) as a general education knowledge base.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Women of Color
Women of color (singular: woman of color, sometimes abbreviated as WOC) is a phrase used to describe female non-whites. The political term "women of color" surfaced in the violence against women movement. In the late seventies it unified all women experiencing multiple layers of marginalization with race or ethnicity as a common issue.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Climate Change and Society
Society is at an important intersection in dealing with the challenges of climate change, while the natural sciences are insufficient to deal with these challenges. Critical aspects of sociological perspectives related to climate change research are brought together in this review in the hope of fostering greater interdisciplinary collaboration between the natural and social sciences.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Multiracial Microaggression Taxonomy
Substantial scholarship elucidates the prevalence of racial microaggressions in everyday interactions. Racial microaggressions are defined as “brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color” . Other scholars highlight how racial microaggressions interact with identity characteristics beyond race. For example, they can be “layered assaults, based on race and its intersections with gender, class, sexuality, language, immigration status, phenotype, accent or surname” . Furthermore, microaggressions are chronic stressors that affect the holistic health of people of color with the potential to trigger the development of psychological and physiological health issues. The literature available on multiracial microaggressions and examines how Black-Asian groups in particular are impacted in detail. 
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic on Social Media
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the usage of social media by the world's general population, celebrities, world leaders, and professionals. Social networking services have been used to spread information, and to find humour and distraction from the pandemic via Internet memes. Social media has seen a sharp increase in use during the pandemic, largely due to social distancing measures encouraged by many governments. Since many people are asked to remain home, they have turned to social media to maintain their relationships and to access entertainment to pass the time. Moreover, social distancing has forced lifestyle changes for many people, which can put a strain on mental health. Therefore, many online counselling services that use social media have surfaced and begun to rise in popularity, connecting mental health workers with those who need them.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Globalization
Globalization refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of countries and cultures through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas on a global scale. It is characterized by the breaking down of traditional barriers to international trade, communication, and cultural exchange, resulting in increased economic, political, and cultural integration among nations. This phenomenon is driven by advancements in technology, transportation, and communication, facilitating the flow of capital, goods, and information across borders, ultimately shaping the global landscape and influencing various aspects of society.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Deindividuation
Deindividuation is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention (resistance) (see below). Sociologists also study the phenomenon of deindividuation, but the level of analysis is somewhat different. For the social psychologist, the level of analysis is the individual in the context of a social situation. As such, social psychologists emphasize the role of internal psychological processes. Other social sciences, such as sociology, are more concerned with broad social, economic, political, and historical factors that influence events in a given society.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ideal Type
The concept of "ideal type" was introduced by the sociologist Max Weber as a methodological tool to analyze and understand complex social phenomena. An ideal type is an abstract, simplified model constructed by the researcher to highlight essential characteristics of a social phenomenon, allowing for clearer analysis and comparison, despite recognizing that real-world instances may not perfectly align with the constructed model. It serves as an analytical device rather than a precise representation of empirical reality, aiding in the systematic examination of social phenomena.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Industrial Animal Farming and COVID-19
The threat of zoonoses (i.e., human infectious diseases transmitted from animals) because of industrial animal farming may be receiving less attention in society due to the putative wildlife origin of COVID-19. To identify societal responses to COVID-19 that do address or affect the risk of future zoonoses associated with industrial animal farming, the literature was screened for measures, actions, proposals and attitudes following the guidelines of a scoping review. Forty-one articles with relevant information published between 1 January 2020 and 30 April 2021 were identified directly or indirectly via bibliographies from 138 records retrieved via Google Scholar. Analysis of relevant content revealed ten fields of policy action amongst which biosecurity and change in dietary habits were the dominant topics. Further search for more relevant records within each field of policy action retrieved another 8 articles. Identified responses were furthermore classified and evaluated according to groups of societal actors, implying different modes of regulation and governance. Based on the results, a suggested policy strategy is presented for moving away from food production in factory farms and supporting sustainable farming, involving the introduction of a tax on the demand side and subsidies for the development and production of alternative meat.
  • 1.0K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Port City Sustainability
In resent years, with the development of society, the sustainability of port cities is increasingly valued. Port cities face huge challenges, and their sustainability needs to be better understood.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
A Survey about Foster Family
       Being a foster family consists of a continuous process influenced by several aspects. It involves challenges and demands. But also daily rewards. It is critical that more families be encouraged to become foster carers and also that experienced carers stay in the system to create a sustainable foster care programme. We found three types of foster families, classified according to their will to leave or remain in foster care—unconditional, hesitant, or retired. The support team are determinant for success in every stage. 
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Alienation
Alienation, in a sociological and philosophical context, refers to a condition in which individuals feel estranged, disconnected, or separated from themselves, others, and the broader society. The concept has its roots in the works of Karl Marx, who developed the idea as a central component of his critique of capitalism. However, the concept of alienation has been explored and expanded upon by various thinkers across different disciplines.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Belief
In sociology, the concept of beliefs refers to the mental acceptance or conviction that certain statements or propositions are true. Beliefs are subjective and personal convictions that individuals hold about the nature of reality, the social world, and various aspects of life. These cognitive constructs play a fundamental role in shaping human behavior, influencing decision-making processes, and contributing to the formation of individual and collective identities within a society.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Systems of Social Stratification
Detailed anthropological and sociological studies have been made about customs of patrilineal inheritance, where only male children can inherit. Some cultures also employ matrilineal succession, where property can only pass along the female line, most commonly going to the sister's sons of the decedent; but also, in some societies, from the mother to her daughters. Some ancient societies and most modern states employ egalitarian inheritance, without discrimination based on gender and/or birth order.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Habitus
In sociology, habitus refers to the set of deeply ingrained habits, dispositions, and cultural norms that individuals acquire through socialization and experience within their social environment. Developed by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, habitus shapes individuals' perceptions, behaviors, and social interactions, influencing their tastes, preferences, and social positioning within society. It operates unconsciously, guiding individuals' actions and choices in ways that are often taken for granted but reflect their social background and position.
  • 994
  • 08 Feb 2024
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