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Topic Review
Genetics Matters
The understanding of how genetic information may be inherited through generations was established by Gregor Mendel in the 1860s when he developed the fundamental principles of inheritance. The science of genetics, however, began to flourish only during the mid-1940s when DNA was identified as the carrier of genetic information. The world has since then witnessed rapid development of genetic technologies, with the latest being genome-editing tools, which have revolutionized fields from medicine to agriculture. This entry walks through the historical timeline of genetics research and deliberates how this discipline might furnish a sustainable future for humanity.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gluten Enteropathy
Gluten enteropathy, namely Celiac disease (CD), is a hereditary predisposed disease, accompanied by the atrophy of the small intestine mucosa, associated malabsorption syndrome, and the development of various deficiency conditions. Celiac disease is caused by food containing gluten—the proteins of cereals that are the diet of the majority of the world population. Some immunogenic peptides of gluten proteins formed during digestion, mainly gliadins from wheat, rye, and barley, are resistant to proteolysis by human digestive peptidases and cause CD in predisposed people.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Practical Application of 3D Printing for Pharmaceuticals
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an unrivaled technique that uses computer-aided design and programming to create 3D products by stacking materials on a substrate. 3D printing technology is used in the whole drug development process, from preclinical research to clinical trials to frontline medical treatment. From 2009 to 2020, the number of research articles on 3D printing in healthcare applications surged from around 10 to 2000. Three-dimensional printing technology has been applied to several kinds of drug delivery systems, such as oral controlled release systems, micropills, microchips, implants, microneedles, rapid dissolving tablets, and multiphase release dosage forms. 
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Biomaterials for 3D Tissue Models
The techniques involved in culturing cells are critical as results are based on cellular response to drugs, cellular cues, external stimuli, and human physiology. In order to establish in vitro cultures, cells are either isolated from normal or diseased tissue and allowed to grow in two or three dimensions. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture methods involve the proliferation of cells on flat rigid surfaces resulting in a monolayer culture, while in three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, the additional dimension provides a more accurate representation of the tissue milieu. 
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Dostarlimab in Cancer Treatment
Immunotherapy is one of the four pillars of cancer treatment that has emerged as a beacon of hope for cancer patients. Certain immunotherapies, for example, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, monoclonal antibody therapy and chimeric antigen T-cell therapy have garnered extensive interest in response to their exceptional properties that activate the immune system to respond to cancer cells, inhibiting their progression. In the era of rapid development, dostarlimab, an anti-programmed cell death protein (PD-1) monoclonal antibody has mesmerized the medical profession by showing complete (100%) cure of patients with colorectal cancer. Not only this, the results obtained from clinical trials revealed no major side effects in any of the participants in the study. Dostarlimab has also shown promising results in endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, head and neck cancer, and breast cancer therapy. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori
H. pylori is a “fastidious” microorganism; culture methods are time-consuming and technically challenging. The advent of molecular biology techniques has enabled the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypic resistance to antibiotics in H. pylori.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Aβ-Peptide Production and Conformational Behavior
Alzheimer’s disease  (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease in the world. Genetic evidence strongly suggests that aberrant generation, aggregation, and/or clearance of neurotoxic amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) triggers the disease. Aβ accumulates at the points of contact of neurons in ordered cords and fibrils, forming the so-called senile plaques. Aβ isoforms of different lengths are found in healthy human brains regardless of age and appear to play a role in signaling pathways in the brain and to have neuroprotective properties at low concentrations. This entry describes molecular mechanisms of amyloid-β precursor protein processing in AD.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Interstitial Cells of Cajal
The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) represent a particular network formed by some peculiar cells that were first described by the great neuroanatomist, S. Ramon y Cajal. The ICC have become a fascinating topic for scientists, arousing their curiosity; as a result, there is a vast number of published articles related to the ICC. Everybody widely accepts that the ICC represent the pacemaker of the gastrointestinal tract and are highly probable to be the origin cells for gastrointestinal tumors (GISTs).
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Diosmetin Exerts Synergistic Effects in Combination with 5-Fluorouracil
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapeutic medication commonly used to treat colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the drug-associated adverse effects and toxicity have greatly affected its clinical use. Diosmetin, a natural flavonoid, has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of many cancer cells, including CRC cells. The findings suggest that 5-FU/diosmetin combination exhibits synergistic effect against HCT116 cancer cells, and potentially reduces the unfavorable adverse effect of 5-FU while enhancing the anticancer efficacy by inducing apoptosis and interrupting mitosis.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Ozone as a Chemotherapy
In the last sixty years, publications in reputed journals have shown the preclinical positive effect of ozone gas in cancer cells. However, the translation of these results into clinical practice is far away from success. A comprehensive approach is necessary for this, and oncologists and researchers need guidance from medical specialists with in-depth knowledge of ozone in medicine. In this article, we review the evidence around this question and suggest different potential research lines to those interested in this exciting field.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Viral Vaccine Platforms
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with decreased susceptibility to the neutralizing antibody responses induced by currently available COVID-19 vaccines raises the possibility of breakthrough infections. Thus, alternative or complementary approaches are needed to develop vaccines able to induce a lasting immunological response. In the case of global public health emergencies, governmental vaccine design can benefit from a range of platform technologies, including conventional vaccines such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, the innovative new class of DNA- and RNA-based vaccines and promising protein-based vaccines. Compared with conventional vaccines, molecular-based platforms may offer a more versatile tool against new emergent viruses, allowing fast, low-cost, and scalable vaccine manufacturing. Essentially, these platforms rely on the use of a system to deliver and present a new antigen (or a synthetic gene) to rapidly target an emergent pathogen. Currently, there are four different platforms used to develop viral vaccines: whole virus, nucleic acid-based, viral vectors, and protein and virus-like particles (VLPs). The choice of platform takes into account many factors, including the way the immune system responds to the specific viral infection, vaccination strategies and policies, and the best technology or approach to create the specific vaccine.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bovine Colostrum as Supportive Care in Anticancer Chemotherapy
BC and its bioactive constituents (LF and others) may be used as supportive care in prevention and treatment of adverse side effects of cancer therapies. Chemotherapy with cytotoxic drugs is applied in the therapy of neoplastic and autoimmune disorders and in transplantation. Hormone therapy with anti-estrogen drugs is used to combat estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer. Transient complications, associated with chemotherapy, include: impairment of the immune system function (due to severe atrophy of immune organs), damage to sensitive organs and tissues (where cells rapidly divide), such as bone marrow, oral, digestive and genitourinary mucosa systems, male and female reproductive cells, skin, as well as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Hormone therapy inhibits the production of endogenous estrogens, among others, in the reproductive system. These cancer therapies are accompanied by extremely burdensome and dangerous for health and life symptoms, such as: increased susceptibility to fungal, bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, more severe infection course, neutropenia, anemia, blood-clotting disorders, fever, mucositis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, headaches, muscle pain, fluid retention, chronic fatigue, weakness or loss of taste and smell, lack of appetite, weight loss, cachexia, anorexia, cranial neuropathy, seizure, myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, somnolence, various dermatologic complications, such as extravasation, hyperpigmentation and hypersensitivity reactions. In anti-estrogen therapy, vaginal discharges, reproductive tract bleeding and hot flushes are additionally found.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Biography
Bohdan Tkach
Dr. Bogdan Mykolayovych Tkach is a distinguished figure in the field of clinical neuropsychology, holding a doctorate in psychological sciences and serving as a senior researcher and clinical professor. His academic and professional journey is a testament to his dedication and expertise in neuropsychology, deviantology, sexology, neuromarketing, organizational psychology, and the neuropsychologi
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Reprogramming of α-Cells into Insulin Producing Cells
Numerous cell sources are being explored to replenish functional β-cell mass since the proof-of -concept for cell therapy of diabetes was laid down by transplantation of islets. Various strategies that aim to generate bone fide insulin producing cells are explored.  In particular on reprogramming and especially on α-cells conversion into insulin producing cells are focused here. A logical place to begin with for generating β-cells is to utilise the plasticity of closely related endoderm derived cell types like pancreatic non-β-cells and coaxing them to adopt a β-cell phenotype. Given the close ontogenetic relationship, functional similarity and dependency among these cells, the potential for interconversion is unequivocal. Phenotypic plasticity between pancreatic α-cells and β-cells is notably pronounced.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Monomers Used in the Synthesis of Hydrogels
Natural bio-based monomers derived from plants or animals are widely used in the synthesis of hydrogels and their compounds for the production of biopolymers and biomaterials that are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic and of high porosity, characteristics much sought after in the biomedical field.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer
Cancer is the most common disease impacting individuals; it can affect one in two people in industrialized countries. Additionally, it has continued to be a burden upon societies worldwide. Furthermore, the most prevalent forms of cancers are those occurring within the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal cancers are the various cancers arising within the gastrointestinal tract or in any of its associated organs, the most prevalent of which are: the stomach, liver, pancreas, esophagus, and colorectal cancers. Importantly, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is believed to be one of the leading causes of cancer-induced deaths globally. Furthermore, in the case of colorectal cancer (CRC), one in three people are expected not to live past five years once diagnosed. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress Related to Plasmalemmal/Mitochondrial Phosphate Transporters
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential for maintaining cellular function but excess of Pi leads to serious complications, including vascular calcification. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenic progression of calcific changes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Pi-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and its detrimental consequences remain unclear. Type III Na+-dependent Pi cotransporter, PiT-1/-2, play a significant role in Pi uptake of vascular smooth muscle cells. Pi influx via PiT-1/-2 increases the abundance of PiT-1/-2 and depolarization-activated Ca2+ entry due to its electrogenic properties, which may lead to Ca2+ and Pi overload and oxidative stress. At least four mitochondrial Pi transporters are suggested, among which the phosphate carrier (PiC) is known to be mainly involved in mitochondrial Pi uptake. Pi transport via PiC may induce hyperpolarization and superoxide generation, which may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, together with generation of cytosolic ROS. Increase in net influx of Ca2+ and Pi and their accumulation in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix synergistically increases oxidative stress and osteogenic differentiation, which could be prevented by suppressing either Ca2+ or Pi overload. Therapeutic strategies targeting plasmalemmal and mitochondrial Pi transports can protect against Pi-induced oxidative stress and vascular calcification. 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
TMS-EEG in Patients with Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious mental disorder, and its pathogenesis is complex. Recently, the glutamate hypothesis and the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance hypothesis have been proposed as new pathological hypotheses for SCZ. Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive novel method that enables us to investigate the cortical activity in humans, and this modality is a suitable approach to evaluate these hypotheses.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 May 2021
Topic Review
Steroid Hormone Synthesis Inhibition by Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) have been found to concentration-dependently inhibit steroidogenesis in different degrees. However, many studies have proven the suppressive effects of MRAs on the activities of hormone synthase. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Topical Insulin Delivery
Insulin is one of the cheapest growth factors in the market able to accelerate the re-epithelialization and stimulate angiogenesis and cell migration. However, the effectiveness of topical insulin in wound healing is hampered by the proteases in the wound bed. The encapsulation into nanoparticles improves its stability in the wound, providing adhesion to the mucosal surface and allowing its sustained release. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Sep 2021
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