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Topic Review
Separation of Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins in Food Products
Chlorophyll is a natural green hue with a tetrapyrrole ring system with different substituents. 
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy-PI Controller Hardware
The intelligent system Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is represented as Takagi--Sugeno Fuzzy-PI controller. The implementation uses a fully parallel strategy associated with a hybrid bit format scheme (fixed-point and floating-point). Two hardware designs are proposed; the first one uses a single clock cycle processing architecture, and the other uses a pipeline scheme. The bit accuracy was tested by simulation with a nonlinear control system of a robotic manipulator. The area, throughput, and dynamic power consumption of the implemented hardware are used to validate and compare the results of this proposal. The results achieved allow the use of the proposed hardware in applications with high-throughput, low-power, and ultra-low-latency requirements such as teleoperation of robot manipulators, tactile internet, or industry 4.0 automation, among others.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Candida and Candidiasis
One of the most important questions in microbiology nowadays is how apparently harmless, commensal yeasts such as Candida spp. can cause a rising number of infections. The occurrence of the disease requires firstly the attachment to the host cells, followed by the invasion of the tissue. The adaptability translates into a rapid ability to respond to stress factors, to take up nutrients or to multiply under different conditions. By forming complex intracellular networks such as biofilms, Candida spp. become not only more refractive to antifungal therapies but also more prone to cause disease. The inter-microbial interactions can enhance the virulence of a strain. In vivo, the fungal cells face a multitude of challenges and, as a result, they develop complex strategies serving one ultimate goal: survival. This review presents the virulence factors of the most important Candida spp., contributing to a better understanding of the onset of candidiasis and raising awareness of the highly complex interspecies interactions that can change the outcome of the disease.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Anticancer Activity of Berberine
Berberine is a plant metabolite belonging to the group of isoquinoline alkaloids with strong biological and pharmacological activity. Currently, berberine is receiving considerable interest due to its anticancer activity based on many biochemical pathways, especially its proapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, the growing number of papers on berberine demands summarizing the knowledge and research trends. The efficacy of berberine in breast and colon cancers seems to be the most promising aspect. Many papers focus on novel therapeutic strategies based on new formulations or search for new active derivatives. The activity of berberine is very important as regards sensitization and support of anticancer therapy in combination with well-known but in some cases inefficient therapeutics. Currently, the compound is being assessed in many important clinical trials and is one of the most promising and intensively examined natural agents.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Antioxidant Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by major lung pathology including excess mucous build-up, chronic inflammation, persistent bacterial infections and progressive lung dysfunction. CF is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CFTR is an ion channel protein responsible for transport of chloride ions (Cl-) across epithelial cell membranes and, hence, regulates fluid secretion and homeostasis. CFTR also facilitates the efflux of intracellular glutathione (GSH), one of the most predominant antioxidants in animal cells, with impaired function causing systemic deficiency in extracellular GSH. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by inflammatory immune cells and bacterial infection leads to a highly oxidative extracellular environment, which further contributes to lung damage.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Microorganisms Characterization in Cultural Heritage
Cultural heritage objects constitute a very diverse environment, inhabited by various bacteria and fungi. The impact of these microorganisms on the degradation of artworks is undeniable, but at the same time, some of them may be applied for the efficient biotreatment of cultural heritage assets. Interventions with microorganisms have been proven to be useful in restoration of artworks, when classical chemical and mechanical methods fail or produce poor or short-term effects. The path to understanding the impact of microbes on historical objects relies mostly on multidisciplinary approaches, combining novel meta-omic technologies with classical cultivation experiments, and physico-chemical characterization of artworks.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Immunological Responses of Trichuris sp.
Trichuris sp. infection has appeared as a pathological burden in the population, but the immunomodulation features could result in an opportunity to discover novel treatments for diseases with prominent inflammatory responses. Regarding the immunological aspects, the innate immune responses against Trichuris sp. are also responsible for determining subsequent immune responses, including the activation of innate lymphoid cell type 2 (ILC2s), and encouraging the immune cell polarization of the resistant host phenotype. Nevertheless, this parasite can establish a supportive niche for worm survival and finally avoid host immune interference. Trichuris sp. could skew antigen recognition and immune cell activation and proliferation through the generation of specific substances, called excretory/secretory (ESPs) and soluble products (SPs), which mainly mediate its immunomodulation properties. 
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Temperature and Root System of Two Lupine Species
The aim of this entry was to assess the effect of elevated temperature on the growth, morphology and spatial orientation of lupine roots at the initial stages of development and on the formation of lupine root architecture at later stages. Two lupine species were studied—the invasive Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and the non-invasive L. luteus L. The plants were grown in climate chambers under 25 °C and simulated warming at 30 °C conditions. The angle of root curvature towards the vector of gravity was measured at the 48th hour of growth, and during a 4-h period after 90° reorientation. Root biometrical, histological measurements were carried out on 7-day-old and 30-day-old plants. The elevation of 5 °C affected the root formation of the two lupine species differently. The initial roots of L. polyphyllus were characterized by worse spatial orientation, reduced growth and reduced mitotic index of root apical meristem at 30 °C compared with 25 °C. The length of primary roots of 30-day-old lupines and the number of lateral roots decreased by 14% and 16%, respectively. 
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Consumer Perception of Beef Quality
Consumer perception of beef quality undergoes a multi-step process at the time of purchase and consumption in order to achieve an overall value assessment. Beef quality perception is determined by a set of quality attributes, including intrinsic (appearance, safety, technological, sensory and nutritional characteristics, convenience) and extrinsic (price, image, livestock farming systems, commercial strategy and so on) quality traits. The beef eating qualities that are the most valued by consumers are highly variable and depend mainly on the composition and characteristics of the original muscle and the post-mortem processes involved in the conversion of muscle into meat.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Color Coding Technology for Visualization
Color coding technology for data visualization Data visualization achieves its significance today due to information technology: big data processed in computers with capable visualization software, combined with statistical techniques and color coding on electronic displays. This article is about color coding technology for data visualization. Origins of color coding include rubrics, the Four Color Theorem of cartography and Jacques Bertin's 1967 book, The Semiology of Graphics. Contemporary color coding for data visualization is enabled by four technologies: statistics, color technology, displays and computing. Visualization of data was proceduralized by statisticians John Tukey and Edward Tufte in their respective landmark books Exploratory Data Analysis in 1977 and Visual Display of Quantitative Information in 1982. They did not emphasize the use of color. Others demonstrated the superiority of color coding to speed visual search of displayed information, and to locate and organize information of interest. A third prerequisite for color-coded data visualization is high-resolution, high-contrast, high-luminance color electronic displays. Honeywell Corporation and Boeing Corporation assembled technical data that are still germane to use of color displays. More recently, the US Federal Aviation Administration has published technical guidance for visualization of dynamic (air traffic) data on self-luminous color displays. Humans have an innate ability to perform color-coded visual search. Without training or practice, the search time with color coding can be reduced by a factor of ten or more, compared to a search of the same information display without color coding. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Industrial Hemp Plant
Industrial hemp is a versatile, sustainable plant with several applications of its various forms, including fiber obtained from hemp stalks, food obtained from hemp seeds, and oil obtained from hemp flowers and seeds. Industrial hemp has the potential to offer a solution to the crisis of climate change, since it is a viable energy source that satisfies the three pillars of sustainability, namely economy, environment, and society. 
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Arabic Optical Character Recognition Challenges
When it is necessary to store or edit a text written by hand in Arabic, this can only be performed manually, which can take significant time. However, fortunately, optical character recognition can be applied for this particular case. Optical character recognition (OCR) is a technique that is used to read and recognize the text present in an image and then convert it into a textual format. Once the text is extracted and digitized, it can utilize the applications of storing, retrieving, searching, and editing. Here, researchers shed light on the challenges accompanying OCR in general, then narrow it down to the case of Arabic OCR.
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Smartphone Security and Privacy
There is an exponential rise in the use of smartphones in government and private institutions due to business dependencies such as communication, virtual meetings, and access to global information. These smartphones are an attractive target for cybercriminals and are one of the leading causes of cyber espionage and sabotage. A large number of sophisticated malware attacks as well as advanced persistent threats (APTs) have been launched on smartphone users. These attacks are becoming significantly more complex, sophisticated, persistent, and undetected for extended periods. Traditionally, devices are targeted by exploiting a vulnerability in the operating system (OS) or device sensors. Nevertheless, there is a rise in APTs, side-channel attacks, sensor-based attacks, and attacks launched through the Google Play Store.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
LncRNA–Protein Interaction
Epigenetic dysregulation is an important feature for cancer initiation and progression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts that stably present as RNA forms with no translated protein and have lengths larger than 200 nucleotides. LncRNA can epigenetically regulate either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Nowadays, the combined research of lncRNA plus protein analysis is gaining more attention. LncRNA controls gene expression directly by binding to transcription factors of target genes and indirectly by complexing with other proteins to bind to target proteins and cause protein degradation, reduced protein stability, or interference with the binding of other proteins. Various studies have indicated that lncRNA contributes to cancer development by modulating genes epigenetically and studies have been done to determine which proteins are combined with lncRNA and contribute to cancer development. In this review, we look in depth at the epigenetic regulatory function of lncRNAs that are capable of complexing with other proteins in cancer development.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
GPR in Wood Structures
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a nondestructive inspection tool based upon the electromagnetic (EM) theory that radio wave propagation is governed by the EM properties of a dielectric material. GPR has many characteristics that make it attractive as an inspection tool for wood: it is faster than many acoustic and stress wave techniques; it does not require the use of a couplant; while it can also detect the presence of moisture. Moisture detection is of prime concern, and several researchers have labored to measure internal moisture using GPR.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Neurodegeneration in NPC Disease
Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive storage disorder, characterized by abnormal sequestration of unesterified cholesterol in the late endo-lysosomal system of cells. Progressive neurological deterioration and the onset of symptoms, such as ataxia, seizures, cognitive decline, and severe dementia, are pathognomonic features of the disease. In addition, different pathological similarities, including degeneration of hippocampal and cortical neurons, hyperphosphorylated tau, and neurofibrillary tangle formation, have been identified between NPC disease and other neurodegenerative pathologies.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Fissure Ridges
Fissure ridges consist of elongated travertine masses with an apical fissure that follows the long axis of the body. Two symmetrical or asymmetrical walls made up of bedded travertine are typically dipping away from the central fissure. The internal part of the fissure is often cut by a network of sealed fractures, almost parallel to the long axis of the ridge, normally filled by banded Ca-carbonate (i.e., calcite and/or aragonite), almost parallel to the vein-walls (the so called “banded travertine” in). These veins developed within the fault zone and represent conduits along which geothermal fluids move towards the surface. Therefore, their analysis, in terms of geometry, age (using U/Th, U/Pb, and 14C geochronology), and geochemical properties, provides information about the structural features and timing of the fault system, and on the fluid path from depth to surface. Furthermore, travertine deposited in a fissure ridge is characterized by distinct petrographic and geochemical features preserving information on the parent fluids and ancient depositional conditions. The shape of the fissure ridge body depends on the flow rate, carbonate precipitation rate, and surface topography upon which deposition took place.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Precision Agriculture for Farming
Precision agriculture (PA) is a technology-enabled, data-driven approach to farming management that observes, measures, and analyzes the needs of individual fields and crops. Precision livestock farming (PLF), relying on the automatic monitoring of individual animals, is used for animal growth, milk production, and the detection of diseases as well as to monitor animal behavior and their physical environment, among others.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Reservoirs
Reservoirs are manmade lakes created by building dams on rivers for various purposes: flood control, electricity generation, irrigation, water supply, aquaculture, environmental services, recreational activities, navigation etc. In freshwater ecosystems, several mechanisms are involved in the natural carbon cycle. They receive carbon from terrestrial ecosystems through drainage, capture the carbon through primary production, bury the carbon in sediments, emit GHG through biomass degradation and respiration, and transport the carbon downstream to the seas or oceans. GHG emissions can be increased by human activities around the ecosystem through sewage and agricultural pollution.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ocular Sporotrichosis
Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic mycosis predominant in tropical and subtropical regions. It is an infection of subcutaneous tissue caused by Sporothrix fungus species, but occasionally resulting in an extracutaneous condition, including osteoarticular, pulmonary, nervous central system, and ocular disease. Cases of ocular sporotrichosis are rare, but reports have been increasing in recent decades. Ocular infections usually occur in hyperendemic areas of sporotrichosis. For its classification, anatomic criteria are used. The clinical presentation is the infection in the ocular adnexal and intraocular infection. Ocular adnexa infections include palpebral, conjunctivitis, and infections of the lacrimal sac. Intraocular infection includes exogenous or endogenous endophthalmitis.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Dec 2021
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