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Topic Review
Natural Resistance of Plants
The over-reliance on herbicides to reduce weed infestation in crops has led to the rapid evolution of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds. Weed resistance to herbicides should be minimized, as this can lead to serious limitations in the food security for people around the world. Landing page resistance can occur as a result of changes in the biochemical sites of the action of one herbicide. Inappropriate resistance occurs through mechanisms that reduce the number of herbicide molecules and reach their target site. In major field crops, synthetic herbicides are used to control weeds worldwide. Cross-resistance can occur with herbicides from the same or different herbicide families, and with the same or different sites of action. Multiple resistance refers to the evolved mechanisms of resistance to more than one herbicide (e.g., resistance to inhibitors (ALS) and (ACC), and this resistance has resulted from separate selection processes). Currently, weed re-sistance has been transferred to 161 different herbicides, covering twenty-three of the twenty-six known herbicide sites. We can protect crops that are associated with herbicide tolerant weeds through biochemical, genetic and crop control strategies. The “European Green Deal” forces producers to change their approaches to plant protection. The emphasizes the importance and advantages of enhancing the natural resistance of plants to pests, with particular emphasis on the importance of oxylipins in plant protection. The summarize the latest research on the reaction of plants to pesticides, including herbicides, in order to assess the possibility of using jasmonates and brassinosteroids to stimulate the natural, induced systemic immunity of plants, as well as investigate the possibility of the interaction of oxylipins with ethylene, salicylates and other compounds.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Electron Transport Pathway Components
All plants contain an alternative electron transport pathway (AP) in their mitochondria, consisting of the alternative oxidase (AOX) and type 2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (ND) families, that are thought to play a role in controlling oxidative stress responses at the cellular level. These alternative electron transport components have been extensively studied in plants like Arabidopsis and stress inducible isoforms identified, but we know very little about them in the important crop plant chickpea. Previously we demonstrated AOX  activity in purified mitochondria from chickpea, identified the genes that encode the AOX isoforms and analysed their relative transcript levels. Here we do the same for NDs, and also explore the response of all AP gene transcripts to salinity stress in leaves of chickpea cultivars differing in their salinity response. A coordinated up-regulation of particular AP genes suggests that the mitochondrial alternative pathway of respiration is an important facet of the stress response in chickpea, in high Na accumulators in particular, despite high capacities for both of these activities in leaf mitochondria of non-stressed chickpeas.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Tumour Microenvironment
The tumour microenvironment (TME) contains cells of different origin, including cancer, immune, endothelial, and stromal cells. In the last decades extracellular vesicles (EV) released by these cells have gained attention as drivers of the TME diversity and tumour behaviour. In the TME, EV can switch tumour growth, immune-escape and metastatic spread or exert anti-tumour activity depending on their cell of origin and cargo. Moreover, since potentially detectable in different biological fluids, EV have been proposed as diagnostic and therapeutic, or “theragnostic” tools. Specifically, EV cargo has been considered a tumour “fingerprint”, and differentially expressed proteins and genetic materials proposed as potential targets for anti-cancer based therapies. Approaches using engineered EV or EV as naturally delivery system for “therapeutics” have been explored in preclinical models and their effectiveness, in targeting the TME, proven in primary and metastatic tumours. More recently, CAR-T cells and CAR EV combo platform have been proposed to improve the CAR-based anti-cancer approach. Likewise, their potential application for immune cell targeting has provide significant insights to move towards anti-cancer immunotherapeutic approaches. On these bases, a number of clinical trials aimed to deeply explore EV clinical application as anti-tumour based approach or “theragnostics” are on-going. Should validated as diagnostic/prognostic/anti-cancer tools the still open questions would be hopefully addressed and their clinical application would become the on-coming challenge against cancer. However, to move towards EV clinical application several hurdles including potency tests, scalability and full characterization in agreement with the regulatory agency should be solved.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Ankyrin Repeat-Containing Proteins
Ankyrin repeat (AR) domains are considered the most abundant repeat motif found in eukaryotic proteins. AR domains are predominantly known to mediate specific protein–protein interactions (PPIs) without necessarily recognizing specific primary sequences, nor requiring strict conformity within its own primary sequence.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Non-Alkaloid Cholinesterase Inhibitory Compounds
The classes of cholinesterase inhibitors discussed here are mainly terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and coumarins, and some of these compounds have shown high potency. In order to consider which classes are most suitable, based on the benefits and drawbacks, certain structural features of each class will be of great importance. Using chalcones as an example, it is believed that besides economical and cost-effective production, small molecular size and flexibility for modifications to improve lipophilicity necessary for blood-brain barrier permeability are important to consider for a preferred potential therapeutic candidate for AD.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Metabolomics in Atopic Eczema
Atopic eczema (AE) is an inflammatory skin disorder affecting approximately 20% of children worldwide and early onset can lead to asthma and allergies. Metabolomics, the analysis of small molecules in the skin produced by the host and microbes, opens a window to observe the mechanisms of the disease which then may lead to new drug targets for AE treatment. 
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Photonic Cavities
An eco-friendly approach to usual optical cavities, in which an electromagnetic radiation can release energy to matter by interacting with its molecular or atomic structure. Based on bio-inspired and biodegradable meta-surfaces, able to behave as a resonator for light, their optical response can be engineered at will to accomplish a particular optical task.  
  • 999
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
DSResSol
Protein solubility is an important thermodynamic parameter that is critical for the characterization of a protein’s function, and a key determinant for the production yield of a protein in both the research setting and within industrial (e.g., pharmaceutical) applications. Experimental approaches to predict protein solubility are costly, time-consuming, and frequently offer only low success rates. To reduce cost and expedite the development of therapeutic and industrially relevant proteins, a highly accurate computational tool for predicting protein solubility from protein sequence is sought. While a number of in silico prediction tools exist, they suffer from relatively low prediction accuracy, bias toward the soluble proteins, and limited applicability for various classes of proteins. In this study, researchers developed a novel deep learning sequence-based solubility predictor, DSResSol, that takes advantage of the integration of squeeze excitation residual networks with dilated convolutional neural networks and outperforms all existing protein solubility prediction models. This model captures the frequently occurring amino acid k-mers and their local and global interactions and highlights the importance of identifying long-range interaction information between amino acid k-mers to achieve improved accuracy, using only protein sequence as input. DSResSol outperforms all available sequence-based solubility predictors by at least 5% in terms of accuracy when evaluated by two different independent test sets. Compared to existing predictors, DSResSol not only reduces prediction bias for insoluble proteins but also predicts soluble proteins within the test sets with an accuracy that is at least 13% higher than existing models. Researchers derive the key amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides contributing to protein solubility, identifying glutamic acid and serine as critical amino acids for protein solubility prediction. Overall, DSResSol can be used for the fast, reliable, and inexpensive prediction of a protein’s solubility to guide experimental design.
  • 999
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Trends of Target-Integrins for Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis is an intractable disease with high morbidity by advancing into liver cirrhosis that often causes organ failure, where the parenchymal cells are replaced with collagen species and other matrix proteins. Integrins are receptors for matrix proteins that essentially consist of fibrosis tissues, and some integrins activate latent-TGFβ a central driver of fibrosis.
  • 998
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Principles of NMR and MRI
Depending on the appropriately tuned amplifiers and transceiver coils, in theory, any nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) active nucleus can be used for imaging by MRI. A nucleus with a spin quantum number of ½ (e.g., 1H, 3He, 13C, 14N, 15N, 19F, 19O, 31P, etc.) is designated to be in two spin states and the direction of spin alignment depends on the sign (+/−) of the gyromagnetic ratio, one of the two spin states will align along the magnetic field (ground state, lower energy), whereas the other one will align against it (excited state, higher energy). When an external magnetic field is applied, the spins in the ground state can be promoted to the excited state after absorbing the energy. Upon the termination of the external magnetic field, the spin returns to its equilibrium state (ground state) by a process called relaxation. There are two processes involved, each with an exponential time constant (Ti, i = 1,2): ‘T1’ (longitudinal or spin-lattice) or ‘T2’ (transverse or spin-spin) relaxation times. These parameters help in determining the signal/contrast-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the image resolution.
  • 998
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Animal Model Systems of Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson's disease is an advancing condition characterized by different types of physical and mental impairments. The characteristic features of Parkinson's disease include the buildup of improperly folded protein known as α-synuclein as Lewy bodies, as well as the deterioration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) region, which impacts the patient's motor functions. Significant studies have been conducted to investigate the use of animal models for Parkinson's disease.
  • 998
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle and Stress Proteins
All organisms and cells respond to various stress conditions by up-regulating the expression and/or activation of a group of proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs). Although their expression is induced by several stimuli, they are commonly recognized as HSPs due to the first experiments showing their increased transcription after application of heat shock. These proteins are molecular chaperones mainly involved in assisting protein transport and folding, assembling multimolecular complexes, and triggering protein degradation by proteasome. In addition, they play a crucial role in gene expression regulation, DNA replication, signal transduction, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular senescence or immortalization, and intercellular communications. Heat shock proteins are classified according to their molecular weight in super heavy, 100, 90, 70, 60, 40, and small HSPs. Although they are the most highly conserved, ubiquitous, and abundant proteins in all organisms, their cellular stress response can depend on the class and stimulus.
  • 997
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Metabolomics
The use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) for structure determination and the quantification of small molecules has a long history in successfully characterizing the chemical composition of biological systems. One of the earliest applications of NMR included the use of 31P and 13C NMR to monitor the energetic and redox status of cells and tissues. While these studies demonstrated the value of NMR for metabolism, a renaissance occurred with the emergence of metabolomics in the early 2000s. Metabolomics is defined as the broad range analysis of measurable small molecules in biological samples. 
  • 997
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Chloroplast Epitranscriptome
Here, we report about epitranscriptomic methods for the identification of RNA modifications, bioinformatic tools, and the potential physiological roles of RNA modifiers and interpreters in plant nuclear/cytoplasmic gene expression related to chloroplast functions and the post-transcriptional fate of chloroplast RNAs.
  • 997
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Antibodies induced by Glycosphingolipids
Glycosphingolipids containing very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) regulate several immune responses, such as cytokine production, immune signaling, and antibody induction. Here, we report that immunization with glycosphingolipids containing-VLCFAs can efficiently induce the production of anti-glycan antibodies by B cells.
  • 996
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Circadian Rhythm Influences Insulin Secretion
In the intestine, the expression of sodium-glucose transport protein 1 (SGLT-1) has a rhythmic cycle, which is increased when the glucose intake is anticipated. Similar mechanisms regulate insulin secretion. Besides being regulated by glucose levels and incretins, its exocytosis also has a circadian regulation, possibly because incretins also have a circadian rhythm themselves.
  • 996
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Edible Mushrooms in Muscle Foods
Mushrooms are valued around the world as culinary delicacies and are popularly known as “vegetable meat” in many cultures. Botanically, they are the fruiting bodies of macroscopic filamentous saprophytic fungi that grow above ground. Mushrooms are considered as next-generation healthy food components. Owing to their low content of fat, high-quality proteins, dietary fibre, and the presence of nutraceuticals, they are ideally preferred in the formulation of low-caloric functional foods.
  • 995
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Waste Clearing in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells
Waste clearing in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells includes proteasomal degradation, heterophagy, macroautophagy and mitophagy. Exosomes can also be involved in waste removal in RPE cells. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is mainly responsible for degradation of damaged or no longer needed proteins. Autophagy can degrade damaged organelle and may also take a part in degradation proteins when other clearance processes are failed. RPE cells phagocytose used photoreceptors outer segments (POS) with their subsequent autophagy-lysosomal degradation. 
  • 995
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Classification of Trinucleotides/Codons
Ariadne’s thread on the path of our discovery of DNA and genetic code symmetries was our trinucleotide classification. Trinucleotides of each DNA genome and codons of the genetic code consist of four nitrogenous bases: two purines (adenine (A) and guanine (G)) and two pyrimidines (cytosine (C) and thymine (T) or uracil (U)). Thus, three of the bases are found in both DNA and the genetic code, whereas thymine is unique to DNA, and uracil is unique to the genetic code. A nucleotide is formed in the cell when the base attaches itself to the 1′ carbon of the sugar and phosphate attaches itself to the 5′ carbon of the same sugar the nucleotide takes its name from.
  • 995
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nuclear P38
One of the hallmarks of MAPK signaling is the nuclear translocation of some of its components upon stimulation. This is important for the regulation of transcription, activation of enzymes and stabilisation of proteins that lead to the induced  processes involved in the response to the particular stimulation or pathologies. Here we describe the nuclear function regulation and mechanism of translocation of two central MAPKs, namely P38α/β that are involved in the regulation of a variety of processes including mainly stress response. 
  • 994
  • 26 Oct 2020
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