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Topic Review
Development of Leaching Technology for Rare Earth Ores
Due to the unique physical and chemical properties of rare earth, it plays a key role in multiple fields of industry. It is an indispensable key substance for high-tech industries and is known as a key strategic resource in the 21st century. Rare earth ores are mainly divided into mineral-type rare earth ores and weathered-type rare earth ores (also known as ion adsorption rare earth ores). 
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Metaverse Territorial Scale: A New Paradigm for Spatial Analysis
The Metaverse Territorial Scale is a novel category of spatial analysis, extending beyond conventional physical scales. It conceptualizes the metaverse as a distinct territory, shaped not only by geographical contiguity but also by power relations that emerge through digital interactions, code infrastructures, and platform-based governance in an immersive space undergoing continuous co-production. This concept is rooted in the theory of territory, which defines it as a space produced by the action of social actors. However, the theory is expanded to a domain where territorialization transcends physical materiality and generates new forms of territorialities. Consequently, the scale proposed is considered a valuable addition to the existing array of scales, including traditional categories such as local, regional, national, and global scales. This phenomenon differs fundamentally from geographical scales due to the absence of physical barriers, which endows it with unparalleled adaptability and scalability. This allows the overlapping of multiple spatial logics within the same virtual environment, characterized by a high degree of immersion. The “Metaverse Territorial Scale” is therefore a conceptualization of a virtual-immersive spatial dimension that is not static; it is continuously shaped and redefined by user interactions and underlying technological innovations. Consequently, analysis from the perspective of this scale is essential for understanding the spatial and power dynamics that manifest themselves in cyberspace.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Electric Double Layer Structure
The electric double layer (EDL) is the most important electrochemical and heterogeneous catalysis region. Because of it, its modeling and investigation are something that can be found in the literature for a long time. However, it is still something in debate, since nowadays a series of new techniques are available for the investigation of this interfacial area at the molecular level by experiments and simulations.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Indoor Air Pollution
Indoor air pollution (IAP) is a serious threat to human health, causing millions of deaths each year. A plethora of pollutants can result in IAP; therefore, it is very important to identify their main sources and concentrations and to devise strategies for the control and enhancement of indoor air quality (IAQ). Herein, we provide a critical review and evaluation of the major sources of major pollutant emissions, their health effects, and issues related to IAP-based illnesses.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Therapies for COVID-19 Treatment
The virus SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths worldwide as of June 10, 2020. As a result of its recent appearance (December 2019), an efficacious treatment is not yet available. Although considered a lung infection since its emergence, COVID-19 is now causing multiple organ failure, requiring a continuous adjustment in the procedures. In this review, we summarized the current literature surrounding unproven therapies for COVID-19. Analyses of the clinical trials were grouped as chemo-, sero-, anticoagulant, and the use of human recombinant soluble ACE2 therapies. We conclude that while no agent has hit the threshold for quality of evidence to demonstrate efficacy and safety, preliminary data show potential benefits. Moreover, there is a possibility for harm with these unproven therapies, and the decision to treat should be based on a comprehensive risk-benefit analysis.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Jul 2020
Topic Review
HTLV-1 and Strongyloides stercoralis
Infection with HTLV-1 has been associated with various clinical syndromes including co-infection with Strongyloides stercoralis, which is an intestinal parasitic nematode and the leading cause of strongyloidiasis in humans. Interestingly, HTLV-1 endemic areas coincide with regions citing high prevalence of S. stercoralis infection, making these communities optimal for elucidating the pathogenesis of co-infection and its clinical significance. HTLV-1 co-infection with S. stercoralis has been observed for decades in a number of published patient cases and case series; however, the implications of this co-infection remain elusive. Thus far, data suggest that S. stercoralis increases proviral load in patients co-infected with HTLV-1 compared to HTLV-1 infection alone. Furthermore, co-infection with HTLV-1 has been associated with shifting the immune response from Th2 to Th1, affecting the ability of the immune system to address the helminth infection. Thus, further research is required to fully elucidate the impact of each pathogen in co-infected patients. This review provides an analytical view of studies that have evaluated the variation within HTLV-1 patients in susceptibility to S. stercoralis infection, as well as the effects of strongyloidiasis on HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Further, it provides a compilation of  available clinical reports on the epidemiology and pathology of HTLV-1 with S. stercoralis co-infection, as well as data from mechanistic studies, to facilitate moving this field forward.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Asymmetric Catalytic Ketimine Mannich Reactions
These ketimines are less electrophilic and thus, arguably, more challenging substrates. 3-Aryl-3-hydroxyisoindolin-1-ones are often employed as stable precursors for the corresponding endocyclic N-carbonyl diaryl ketimines. This class of ketimines is useful synthons to access chiral isoindolin-1-ones that are an important motif found in numerous biologically relevant molecules and natural products.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Deep Learning Based Object Detection
Object detection is a complex problem due to underlying high intra-class and low inter-class variance. High intra-class variance is the consequence of different objects belonging to a single class, for instance, different poses of humans or humans wearing different clothes in an image. Low inter-class variance is the outcome of similar-looking objects belonging to different classes such as samples of class chair can easily be misclassified into the class bench and vice versa.
  • 1.7K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Google Earth Application
Released in 2005 by Google, Google Earth (GE) has become the most popular and successful virtual globe tool. GE has demonstrated its capacity for 3D global representation and visualization of geospatial data from local to global scales.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Rotary Desiccant-Based Air-Conditioning Systems
A rotary desiccant-based air-conditioning system is a heat-driven hybrid system which combines different technologies such as desiccant dehumidification, evaporative cooling, refrigeration, and regeneration. This system has an opportunity to utilize low-grade thermal energy obtained from the sun or other sources.
  • 1.7K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Fluorescence Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy has become a critical tool for researchers to understand biological processes at the cellular level. Micrographs from fixed and live-cell imaging procedures feature in a plethora of scientific articles for the field of cell biology.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
SWEET Sugar Transporters
Sugars are the major source of energy in living organisms and play important roles in osmotic regulation, cell signaling and energy storage. SWEETs (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters) are the most recent family of sugar transporters that function as uniporters, facilitating the diffusion of sugar molecules across cell membranes. In plants, SWEETs play roles in multiple physiological processes including phloem loading, senescence, pollen nutrition, grain filling, nectar secretion, abiotic (drought, heat, cold, and salinity) and biotic stress regulation. 
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Diffusion-Controlled Electrocrystallization Process
Electrocrystallization is a complicated multistep chain reaction involving the diffusion and mass transfer of ions in solution, the removal of solvation shells, electron transfer, the formation of surface adsorbed atoms, the clustering of adsorbed atoms, the generation of crystal nucleus, or embedding into existing lattice. A short historical background to study the nucleation and growth by diffusion-controlled electrocrystallization is provided.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Gel-State Electrolytes in Zinc-Ion Batteries
Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are receiving increasing research attention due to their high energy density, resource abundance, low-cost, intrinsic high-safety properties, and the appropriate plating/stripping voltage. Gel-state electrolytes possess merits of having a wide electrochemical window, good flexibility, superior water retainability, and excellent compatibility with aqueous electrolytes, which makes them potential candidates for flexible batteries. However, the practical applications of ZIBs with gel-state electrolytes still have some issues of water content easily dropping, poor mechanical stability, and the interface problem. 
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Biochar Materials
Biochar (BC) based materials are solid carbon enriched materials produced via different thermochemical techniques such as pyrolysis.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Green Roofs in Urban Areas
The presence of green roofs in urban areas provides various ecosystem services that help mitigate climate change. They play an essential role in sustainable drainage systems, contribute to air quality and carbon sequestration, mitigate urban heat island, support biodiversity, and create green spaces supporting public well-being. Bus stops provide good opportunities for installing green roofs. 
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Chemical and Biological Degradation for Perfluorooctanoic Acid
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a perfluoro compound that contains an eight-carbon perfluoroalkyl chain followed by a carboxylic acid function group. It has found applications in water-resistant coating and is produced either by degrading other long-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids or fluorotelomer alcohol. PFOA is challenging to further degrade during water treatment processes, leading to its accumulation in natural systems and causing contamination. Research has been conducted to develop several methods for its removal from the water system.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Plant Extracts as Skin Care and Therapeutic Agents
Natural ingredients have been used for centuries for skin treatment and care. Interest in the health effects of plants has recently increased due to their safety and applicability in the formulation of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Long-known plant materials as well as newly discovered ones are increasingly being used in natural products of plant origin. 
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
MIP Application for the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers
Biomarkers can provide critical information about cancer and many other diseases; therefore, developing analytical systems for recognising biomarkers is an essential direction in bioanalytical chemistry. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been applied in analytical systems to determine biomarkers. The most attractive way to replace natural biological recognition systems is based on applying molecularly imprinted polymers.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Waste-to-Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste
Inadequate disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the greatest environmental issues confronted nowadays. One of the techniques used for its final disposal is incineration, otherwise known as mass burning.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Apr 2023
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