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Topic Review
Ziziphus nummularia Phytoconstituents and Pharmacological Properties
The genus Ziziphus of the Rhamnaceae family contains over 58 accepted species of thorny shrubs and small trees growing mostly in arid and semi-arid regions. Species of this genus are traditionally known for their health benefits, nutritional values, and therapeutic properties, as described by various cultures around the world, specifically in India, Pakistan, China and the Middle East.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Manufacturing Process of mRNA
Advances and discoveries in the structure and role of mRNA as well as novel lipid-based delivery modalities have enabled the advancement of mRNA therapeutics into the clinical trial space. The manufacturing of these products is relatively simple and eliminates many of the challenges associated with cell culture production of viral delivery systems for gene and cell therapy applications, allowing rapid production of mRNA for personalized treatments, cancer therapies, protein replacement and gene editing. 
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Antioxidant/Antimicrobial Properties of Camellia sinensis
Camellia sinensis is the most consumed beverage worldwide. It contains a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, catechins, and polyphenols, generated through a condensation reaction of cinnamic acid with three malonyl-CoA groups. In addition to the metabolic processes occurring within this plant, there are also some plant-associated bacterial endophytes. These bacteria reside in the living tissues of the host plants without causing any harmful effect to them, thereby stimulating secondary metabolite production with a diverse range of biological effects. 
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Conspecific and Human Sociality in the Domestic Cat
Sociality can be broadly defined as the ability and tendency of individuals to reside in social groups with either conspecifics and/or other species. The domestic cat is the only species within the felis genus to have transitioned from a wild, solitary species to one of the most popular human-companion animals globally. In stark contrast to their closest wild ancestors, the domestic cat displays an impressive capacity to cohabit successfully with both humans and other cats. However, at an individual level, domestic cats demonstrate substantial variability in their sociability towards both species. Such variability may be influenced by a range of factors including their early life experiences, genetic selection, and individual cat and human characteristics, in addition to various factors associated with their social and physical environment. The impact of these factors may have important implications regarding a cat’s social relationships, their adaptability to various social contexts, and, ultimately, their wellbeing. In line with modern pet-keeping practices, domestic cats may often be exposed to lifestyles which present a range of complex social and environmental challenges, although it is unclear how much cats have been selected by humans for traits that support adaptability to such lifestyles. 
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms for Reducing the Glycemic Response
Dietary fiber (DF), especially viscous DF, can contribute to a reduction in the glycemic response resulting from the consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods.
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology-Based Topical Delivery of Natural Products for AD
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic eczematous inflammatory disease that may arise from environmental, genetic, and immunological factors. Despite the efficacy of current treatment options such as corticosteroids, such approaches are mainly focused on symptom relief and may present certain undesirable side effects. Isolated natural compounds, oils, mixtures, and/or extracts have gained scientific attention because of their high efficiency and moderate to low toxicity.
  • 1.8K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ancient Grains
In terms of genetic background, cereals are dived into “modern” and “ancient” cereals. Ancient grains were long-forgotten due to the dominance of modern grains, but have been rediscovered as highly nutritious, healthy and resilient grains for solving the nutrition demand and food supply chain problems. 
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19-Associated Candidiasis
The recent global pandemic of COVID-19 has predisposed a relatively high number of patients to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which carries a risk to develop secondary infections. Candida species are major constituents of the human mycobiome and the main cause of invasive fungal infections with a high mortality rate, and are also increasingly reported as complication of severe COVID-19. Despite the marked immune dysregulation in COVID-19, no prominent defects have been reported in immune cells that are critically required for immunity to Candida. This suggests that relevant clinical factors, including prolonged ICU stays, use of central venous catheters and often broad-spectrum antibiotics may dominate over immune-mediated mechanisms to drive susceptibility to candidemia in the setting of COVID-19. Although diagnostic performance evaluations are often lacking in COVID-19 patients, a combination of serological and molecular techniques may present promising diagnostic options for identification of COVID-19-associated candidiasis. Clinical awareness and screening of invasive candidiasis is needed, as those are difficult to diagnose, particular in the setting of severe COVID-19. Echinocandins and azoles are the primary antifungal used to treat invasive candidiasis, yet therapeutic failures exerted by prominent nosocomial pathogens such as C. auris and C. glabrata calls for the development of new antifungal drugs with novel mechanisms of action.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Spondyloarthritis
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of autoimmune inflammatory diseases that leads to inflammation of the spine or peripheral joints, namely axial SpA and peripheral SpA respectively. SpA is a painful and debilitating disease that affects mostly individuals aged 45 years old or younger. Trillions of microorganism reside in the human gut and interact with the immune system, and these reactions may trigger different autoimmune diseases including SpA. Dysbiosis, an imbalance of gut microbiota, may affect the mucosal barrier integrity, resulting in gut inflammation. In animal study, none of the germfree mice developed features of SpA. However, after introduction of gut commensal, over 80% of them developed features of SpA. Different gut microbiome compositions also affect the degree of gut inflammation in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. Moreover, nearly 50% of the SpA patients had subclinical gut inflammation. Chronic gut inflammation also correlated with increased bone marrow edema on MRI in SpA patients. These findings suggest there is a link between gut microorganisms and the occurrence of SpA.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Antagonists of the AT1receptor
Antagonists of the AT1receptor (AT1R) are beneficial molecules that can prevent the peptide hormone angiotensin II from binding and activating the specific receptor causing hypertension in pathological states.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Jan 2021
Topic Review
SAM-Based Electrodes
Self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) are long recognized as crucial "bridges" between redox enzymes and solid electrode surfaces, on which the enzymes undergo direct electron transfer (DET)—for example, in enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) and biosensors. SAMs possess a wide range of terminal groups that enable productive enzyme adsorption and fine-tuning in favorable orientations on the electrode. The tunneling distance, the SAM chain length, and the contacting terminal SAM groups are the most significant factors in SAM-controlled DET-type bioelectrocatalysis.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Pact for Life Program
In Brazil, one of the most well deemed state-level programs in the prevention of homicides is the so-called Pacto pela Vida (A Pact for Life), executed in many northern regions of the country. The Pact for Life program, one of the most successful state-level projects to reduce the occurrences of homicides and other violent crimes, had its contribution by integrating the public policy of security with the Judicial Power, Legislative Power, municipalities, state and federal government. The value added by this integration has been fundamental for the fact police cycle is not unitary, meaning that the police that arrive at the crime scene are not the same one that investigates.
  • 1.8K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Achilles Tendon Ossification and Fracture
Achilles Tendinopathy is characterized by pain, swelling, and limited function of the tendon, and may include calcification or ossification. Regardless of the specific pattern, several terms are used to describe calcification/ossification within or surrounding the Achilles Tendon, including Heterotopic Ossification of the Achilles Tendon, Calcifying Tendonitis, Ossified Tendonitis, Calcific Periarthritis, and Apatite Deposition. In contrast to Calcific Tendinitis, Ossific Tendinitis microscopic examination reveals one or more segments of mature lamellar bone formation within the substance of the tendon, either at the insertion or within the body of the tendon.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Reactive Oxygen Species in Malaria Treatment
Malaria is a vector-transmitted parasite disease that continues to plague mankind. It is caused in humans by five main species of Plasmodium. The majority of conventional antimalarials kill parasites via direct or indirect overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Even when some parasites try to manage these ROS, over production of the ROS still leads to parasite death. This therefore underscores the role of ROS in the antiplasmodial activity of different antimalarials.
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Adversity Response Profile for Chinese University Students
Adversity response is fundamental to dealing with adversity. The final version of the ARP-CUS contains 24 items across five subscales for assessing students’ responses to adversity, including control, attribution, reach, endurance, and transcendence. Overall, ARP-CUS demonstrates satisfactory psychometric properties for quantifying the adversity quotient of Chinese university students.
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
IEEE 802.11ax
IEEE 802.11ax, marketed as Wi-Fi 6 by Wi-Fi Alliance, is a draft Wi-Fi specification standard, and the proposed successor to Wi-Fi 5. The 802.11ax standard is expected to become an official IEEE specification in September 2020. It is designed to operate in licensed exempt bands between 1 and 6 GHz when they become available for 802.11 use. All Wi-Fi 6 devices work over the previously allocated 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. The Wi-Fi 6E designation is for products that also support the standard over 6 GHz. Devices presented at CES 2018 claimed a combined 11 Gbit/s of theoretical data rates. For dense deployments, throughput speeds are 4× higher than IEEE 802.11ac, even though the nominal data rate is just 37% faster at most. Latency is also down 75%. To improve spectrum efficient utilization, the new version introduces better power-control methods to avoid interference with neighboring networks, orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA), higher order 1024-QAM, and up-link direction added with the down-link of MIMO and MU-MIMO to further increase throughput, as well as dependability improvements of power consumption and security protocols such as Target Wake Time and WPA3.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Biography
Caroline Pratt
Caroline Pratt (May 13, 1867 – June 6, 1954[1] ) was an American social thinker and progressive educational reformer whose ideas were influential in educational reform, policy, and practice.[2] Pratt is known as the founder of City and Country School in the Greenwich Village section of the borough of Manhattan in New York City ; the inventor of unit blocks;[3][4][5] and as the author of I Le
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Organ Abnormalities Caused by Turner Syndrome
Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder due to incomplete dosage compensation of X-linked genes, affects multiple organ systems, leading to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, short stature, cardiovascular and vascular abnormalities, liver disease, renal abnormalities, brain abnormalities, and skeletal problems. Patients with TS experience premature ovarian failure with a rapid decline in ovarian function caused by germ cell depletion, and pregnancies carry a high risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Aortic abnormalities, heart defects, obesity, hypertension, and liver abnormalities, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis, biliary involvement, liver cirrhosis, and nodular regenerative hyperplasia, are commonly observed in patients with TS.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Date Rape Drug
A date rape drug is any drug that incapacitates another person and renders that person vulnerable to sexual assault, including rape. The substances are associated with date rape because of reported incidents of their use in the context of two people dating, during which the victim is sexually assaulted or raped or suffers other harm. The substances are not exclusively used to perpetrate sexual assault or rape, but are the properties or side-effects of substances normally used for legitimate medical purposes. One of the most common incapacitating agents for date rape is alcohol, administered either surreptitiously or consumed voluntarily, rendering the victim unable to make informed decisions or give consent.
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Aeroengines’ Bolt Preload Formation Mechanism and Control Technology
The bolt connection structure is widely used in the connection of aeroengine parts, and its connection quality is very important, as it can directly affect the geometric and dynamic performance of the aeroengine. This entry conducts a detailed summary of the aeroengine bolt connection research, in terms of both the tightening mechanism and control technology of bolt connection. It offers a comprehensive review including the tightening mechanism of the single bolt and group bolts, bolt tightening process, and bolt tightening equipment. Besides, the relationship between the tightening mechanism and control technology is summarized. Finally, the future research direction of aeroengine bolt connection through the digital twin is proposed.
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Jul 2023
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