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Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cell-Targeted Therapies
Cancer stem cell-targeted therapies means therapies targeted at cancer stem cells.
  • 848
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Hepatitis C Virus-Ribonucleic Acid
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is potentially associated with liver cancer, and advances in various drugs have led to progress in the treatment of hepatitis C and attempts to prevent its transition to liver cancer. Furthermore, reactivation of HCV has been observed in the treatment of lymphoma, during which the immortalization and proliferation of lymphocytes occur, which leads to the possibility of further stimulating cytokines and the like and possibly to the development of lymphoid malignancy.
  • 848
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Malignant Sinonasal Tumors
Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), also known as esthesioneuroblastoma, is a rare malignant tumor arising from the olfactory neuroepithelium of the superior nasal cavity. First described by Berger in 1924, it accounts for approximately 2–3% of tumors of the nasal cavity, without any race or gender predilection. It is divided by the Hyams’ histologic grading system in low-grade (Hyams I-II) and high-grade (Hyams III-IV) tumors, the first characterized by a lobular architecture with a minimal or absent mitotic activity and the presence of pseudorosettes, the second by the gradual loss of the lobular architecture, a more represented mitotic activity, and the emergence of necrosis.
  • 847
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oral Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) was recognized in 2005 by the World Health Organization as a rare subtype of true oral leukoplakia, with unknown etiology. Since its first description in 1985, several diagnostic criteria have been proposed over the years. 
  • 846
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ferroptosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
As a main subtype of lung cancer, the current situation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains severe worldwide with a 19% survival rate at 5 years. As the conventional therapy approaches, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, gradually develop into therapy resistance, searching for a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC is urgent. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent programmed necrosis, has now been widely considered as a key factor affecting the tumorigenesis and progression in various cancers. 
  • 846
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Non-Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) is defined by a progressively rising prostate-specific antigen level, despite a castrate level of testosterone, in the absence of obvious radiologic evidence of metastatic disease on conventional imaging modalities. As a significant proportion of patients with nmCRPC develop metastatic diseases, the therapeutic goals of physicians for these patients are to delay metastasis development, preserve quality of life, and increase overall survival (OS). Since 2018, the treatment of nmCRPC has changed dramatically with the introduction of second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors, such as enzalutamide (ENZA), apalutamide (APA), and darolutamide (DARO).
  • 845
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Transoral Robotic Surgery: Applications in HNC
Minimally invasive surgery is a growing field in surgical oncology. After acquiring its first Food and Drug Administration approval in 2009 for T1–T2 malignancies of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and larynx, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has gained popularity thanks to its wristed instruments and magnified three-dimensional view, enhancing surgical comfort in remote-access areas. Its indications are expanding in the treatment of head and neck cancer, i.e., resection of tumors of the larynx, hypopharynx, or parapharyngeal space. Head and neck cancer (HNC) incidence has increased, ranking eighth among the most common cancers worldwide in 2020 with approximately 900,000 cases yearly. Following a similar trend, head and neck surgeons in Australia and New Zealand have a TORS adoption rate of 43.6%. The main indications for TORS in all these countries are lateral oropharyngectomy, base-of-tongue mucosectomy, and surgery for obstructive sleep apnea.
  • 845
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Antidiabetic Medications and Cancer
In the last decade, cancer became the leading cause of death in the population under 65 in the European Union. Diabetes is also considered as a factor increasing risk of cancer incidence and mortality. Type 2 diabetes is frequently associated with being overweight and obese, which also plays a role in malignancy. Among biological mechanisms linking diabetes and obesity with cancer hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, increased levels of growth factors, steroid and peptide hormones, oxidative stress and increased activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines are listed. Antidiabetic medications can modulate cancer risk through directly impacting metabolism of cancer cells as well as indirectly through impact on risk factors of malignancy. Some of them are considered beneficial (metformin and thiazolidinedions—with the exception of bladder cancer); on the other hand, excess of exogenous insulin may be potentially harmful, while other medications seem to have neutral impact on cancer risk. Inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) are increasingly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, their association with cancer risk is unclear. 
  • 844
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Drug for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC) and accounts for 10–20% of cases. Due to the lack of expression of several receptors, hormone therapy is largely ineffective for treatment purposes. Nevertheless, TNBC often responds very well to chemotherapy, which constitutes the most often recommended treatment.
  • 844
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor DNA
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are small fragments of DNA, typically 150-200 bp in size, shed by tumors into blood through tumor necrosis, apoptosis and potentially through extracellular vesicles. ctDNA can also be found in other fluid spaces susch as cerebrospinal fluid and pleural fluid.
  • 844
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Non-Gestational Ovarian Choriocarcinoma
Non-Gestational Ovarian Choriocarcinoma (NGOC) is an extremely rare ovarian tumor, with an incidence of less than 0.6% of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. Its close pathologic resemblance to Gestational Ovarian Choriocarcinoma (GOC). On pathologic examination, the tumor is indistinguishable from GOC, and only after review of tissue for paternal genetic components can the diagnosis of NGOC be made. Treatment is vastly different from GOC; NGOC requires treatment with both surgical resection and chemotherapy, with Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Cisplatin (BEP) being the most used regimen. With correct diagnosis and treatment, patients can often receive fertility sparing treatment with long term survival.
  • 844
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pre-Clinical Research on MPM Biology
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer of the lung lining that is associated with asbestos exposure. Due to a lack of effective biomarkers coupled with a long latency period from asbestos exposure to cancer development, prognosis of MPM is poor with an average survival of 8–14 months following diagnosis. Pre-clinical investigations aimed to develop novel biomarkers and treatment strategies are urgently needed to improve MPM diagnosis and treatments available to MPM patients. Novel protein and microRNA biomarkers constitute promising diagnostic biomarkers of MPM; and treatment strategies such as targeted-, immune- and viro-therapy exhibit promising efficacy.
  • 843
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D, Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer
The current vitamin D deficiency epidemic is accompanied by an increase in endemic skin cancer. Ultraviolet (UV) exposure (neither artificial nor natural) is not the ideal source to synthesize vitamin D. There is conflicting epidemiological evidence regarding vitamin D, non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and cutaneous melanoma (CMM), confounded by the effect of sun exposure and other factors. 
  • 843
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Sarcoma Immune
Sarcomas are a rare disease with high rates of recurrence and poor prognosis. Available therapeutic options for advanced disease are limited and based on chemotherapeutic regimens. Immuno-oncological compounds have shown effectivity in different cancer indications, and their benefit is also expected in sarcomas. The role of the tumor microenvironment in sarcoma, prognosis, and response to novel immunotherapies are summarized here.
  • 842
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Different Phenotypes of Immune Infiltrates
Besides the mere count of lymphocytic infiltration, the phenotype of the lymphocytes may also dictate the clinical outcome of HER2-positive breast cancer patients, as every specific subset has a specific role in cancer development. Cumulative data from human studies have associated the different immune populations with a predominant contribution to either pro- or antitumor activities.
  • 842
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells of Liquid Biopsies
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a population of cancer cells that manage to detach from either the primary tumor or metastatic deposits in the periphery of patients, and they seem to have a short half-life of approximately 1h to 2.4 h.
  • 842
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Tumour Blood Vessels
Tumour blood vessels, characterised by abnormal morphology and function, create an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment via restricting the appropriate leucocyte subsets trafficking. Strategies to trigger phenotypic alteration in tumour vascular system to resemble normal vascular system, named vascular normalisation, promote effective trafficking of leucocytes into tumours through enhancing the interactions between leucocytes and endothelial cells. 
  • 841
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
ALK+ lung cancer: targeted inhibitors and resistance mechanisms
EML4-ALK is an oncogenic fusion protein that accounts for approximately 5% of non-small cell lung cancer cases. Targeted inhibitors of ALK are now the standard of care treatment often leading to an excellent initial response and increased overall survival. A variety of resistance mechanisms have been identified that eventually lead to relapse highlighting the need for additional treatment options for these patients.
  • 840
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Wnt/β-Catenin Target Genes
The Wnt/β-catenin cell–cell signaling pathway is one of the most basic and highly conserved pathways for intercellular communications regulating key steps during development, differentiation, and cancer. In colorectal cancer (CRC), in particular, aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is believed to be responsible for perpetuating the disease from the very early stages of cancer development. A large number of downstream target genes of β-catenin-T-cell factor (TCF), including oncogenes, were detected as regulators of CRC development.
  • 839
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Phytonutrients in Curing Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common causes of female mortality around the globe. It is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of death from cancer in the world. It accounts for around 25% of all female cancers. The worldwide incidence of BC in 2012 was 1.67 million, which is alarming. The incidence may increase to 3.2 million by 2050. Males may also develop BC, but this is very rare, accounting for <1% of diagnosed BCs worldwide. BC may be of different types, based on various factors including etiology, location, and clinical and molecular characteristics. Based on location, BC may be of two types; namely, non-invasive and invasive. Non-invasive BC does not extend away from the lobules or duct where it is located. Invasive BC, on the other hand, reaches out from the lobules and ducts to the nearby mammary tissue.
  • 839
  • 18 Aug 2021
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