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Topic Review
Mammalian Synapse by the Post-Translational Modification SUMOylation
Neurotransmission occurs within highly specialized compartments forming the active synapse where the complex organization and dynamics of the interactions are tightly orchestrated both in time and space. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are central to these spatiotemporal regulations to ensure an efficient synaptic transmission. SUMOylation is a dynamic PTM that modulates the interactions between proteins and consequently regulates the conformation, the distribution and the trafficking of the SUMO-target proteins. SUMOylation plays a crucial role in synapse formation and stabilization, as well as in the regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity. 
  • 655
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Subtypes of PPARs and Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and lethality. Its pathogenesis is related to the abnormal expression of many genes. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-dependent transcription factors in the nuclear receptor superfamily. They can regulate the transcription of a large number of target genes, which are involved in life activities such as cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis, and regulate physiological processes such as glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and wound healing. Further, the changes in its expression are associated with various diseases, including breast cancer. The PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ express differently in different tissues, with differences in target genes, biological activities, and ligand affinities. The PPARs participate in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and homeostasis, as well as various physiological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, inflammation, and vascular biology. In addition, the three subtypes of PPARs also regulate the occurrence and development of many malignant tumors via different mechanisms; breast cancer is one of them.
  • 653
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Involvement of Opioid Peptides in Cancer
Peptides mediate cancer progression favoring the mitogenesis, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, promoting metastasis and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, and facilitating angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis. Tumor cells overexpress peptide receptors, crucial targets for developing specific treatments against cancer cells using peptide receptor antagonists and promoting apoptosis in tumor cells. Opioids exert an antitumoral effect, whereas others promote tumor growth and metastasis. The involvement of opioid peptides in cancer; these peptides have enhanced the tumor growth induced by stress. MET and dynorphin (DYN) A are released from immune cells under inflammatory conditions, and the level of DYN in the cerebrospinal fluid increased in patients with cancer pain. The re-expression of the mu-opioid receptor gene in tumor cells increased the release of beta-endorphin (END) from these cells. Moreover, skin-derived beta-END mediates the fatigue induced by radiation therapy in cancer patients; plasma beta-END level augmented in rats receiving radiation but was reversed with naloxone. 
  • 652
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Proteins of the Nucleolus of Dictyostelium discoideum
The nucleolus is a multifunctional subnuclear compartment that has been studied for more than 200 years. The nucleoli of Dictyostelium discoideum have a comparatively unique, non-canonical, localization adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane. The verified nucleolar proteins of this eukaryotic microbe are detailed while other potential proteins are introduced. Heat shock protein 32 (Hsp32), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 (eIF6), and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) are essential for cell survival. NumA1, a breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein-C Terminus domain-containing protein linked to cell cycle, functions in the regulation of nuclear number. 
  • 652
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy in Crizotinib-Treated ALK+ ALCL
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare type of T-cell lymphoma, accounting for 10 to 20% of childhood lymphomas. ALK-positive ALCL (ALK+ ALCL) in children carry a characteristic t(2;5) (p23;q35) chromosomal translocation, leading to the constitutive activation of the oncogenic fusion protein nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK, which drives lymphomagenesis . 
  • 651
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Peroxiredoxins in Cancer Development
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are antioxidant enzymes with ubiquitous expression in human tissues. Because of their abundant expression in different cellular organelles and extraordinary sensitivity to H2O2, Prxs are among the first defenses against oxidative stress. Prxs undergo reversible oxidation to disulfides, and some family members perform chaperone or phospholipase functions upon further oxidation. Prxs are frequently upregulated in cancer cells and contribute to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The roles of Prxs in the  development of major cancers are summarized below.
  • 651
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Implications of Rectal Cancer Radiotherapy on Immune Microenvironment
The efficiency of (chemo-)radiotherapy for rectal cancer is not only determined by the impact on the tumor cells themselves, but also by the highly individual surrounding tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. However, many aspects of the radiation-induced immune response remain to be fully understood. 
  • 651
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
T Cells in Cancer
T cells play a key role in tumour surveillance, both identifying and eliminating transformed cells.
  • 650
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Chemokine Regulation in Temporomandibular Joint Disease
Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are conditions that affect the muscles of mastication and joints that connect the mandible to the base of the skull. Although TMJ disorders are associated with symptoms, the causes are not well proven. Chemokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease by promoting chemotaxis inflammatory cells to destroy the joint synovium, cartilage, subchondral bone, and other structures. 
  • 650
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism of Ferroptosis in Orthopedic Diseases
Programmed Cell Death (PCD) is an active and orderly process of cell death, which plays an important role in the evolution of living organisms, the stability of the internal environment, and the development of multiple systems. PCD includes cell apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy. Apoptosis is characterized by nuclear fragmentation, the formation of apoptotic bodies, and the activation of proteins such as pro-apoptotic B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2). It leads to the increase of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby releasing apoptotic factors and promoting cysteine cascade activation. During necrosis, the plasma membrane rupture, cytoplasmic organelle swelling, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation deficiency, ATP consumption, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) release. When pyroptosis occurs, the plasma membrane ruptures, the inflammation-related active IL-1β and IL-18 are released, and the caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) are activated by hydrolysis. Autophagy is characterized by the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, cytoplasmic vacuolation, non-condensation of chromatin, the transformation of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-I to LC3-II, and p62-cleaved.
  • 648
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tousled-like Kinase 1 in DNA Damage Repair
DNA damage repair lies at the core of all cells’ survival strategy, including the survival strategy of cancerous cells. Therefore, targeting such repair mechanisms forms the major goal of cancer therapeutics. The mechanism of DNA repair has been tousled with the discovery of multiple kinases. Studies on tousled-like kinases have brought significant clarity on the effectors of these kinases which stand to regulate double-strand break (DSB) repair. 
  • 647
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Scale Imaging of the Dynamic Organization of Chromatin
Chromatin is regarded as a heterogeneous and dynamic structure occupying a non-random position within the cell nucleus, where it plays a key role in regulating various functions of the genome. In addition to challenging early assumptions of chromatin being regular and static, high spatiotemporal resolution imaging made it possible to visualize and characterize different chromatin structures such as clutches, domains and compartments. More specifically, super-resolution microscopy facilitates the study of different cellular processes at a nucleosome scale, providing a multi-scale view of chromatin behavior within the nucleus in different environments.
  • 646
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mycolactone Targets the Sec61 Translocon
“Recognizing a surprising fact is the first step towards discovery.” This famous quote from Louis Pasteur is particularly appropriate to describe what led us to study mycolactone, a lipid toxin produced by the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. M. ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, a neglected tropical disease manifesting as chronic, necrotic skin lesions with a “surprising” lack of inflammation and pain. Decades after its first description, mycolactone has become much more than a mycobacterial toxin. This uniquely potent inhibitor of the mammalian translocon (Sec61) helped reveal the central importance of Sec61 activity for immune cell functions, the spread of viral particles and, unexpectedly, the viability of certain cancer cells. 
  • 646
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cancer
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive response which is used for re-establishing protein homeostasis, and it is triggered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Specific ER proteins mediate UPR activation, after dissociation from chaperone Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78). UPR can decrease ER stress, producing an ER adaptive response, block UPR if ER homeostasis is restored, or regulate apoptosis. 
  • 645
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Involvement of Immune Cells in CC Immunosuppressive TIME
Cervical cancer (CC) is a major health problem in women of childbearing age. The immune response plays a crucial role in detecting and preventing the development of CC. However, factors such as age, prior or repeated human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, changes in the microbiota of the reproductive tract, and lifestyle choices can lead to immune dysregulation and increase the risk of CC. One of the critical components of the TIME is tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which are altered in CC and can contribute to tumor growth. 
  • 643
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
cAMP-Related Macromolecular Complexes Regulating CFTR Opening
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). These molecules, known as CFTR modulators, have led to unprecedented improvements in the lung function and quality of life of most CF patients. However, the efficacy of these drugs is still suboptimal, and the clinical response is highly variable even among individuals bearing the same mutation. Furthermore, not all patients carrying rare CFTR mutations are eligible for CFTR modulator therapies, indicating the need for alternative and/or add-on therapeutic approaches. Because the second messenger 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) represents the primary trigger for CFTR activation and a major regulator of different steps of the life cycle of the channel, there is growing interest in devising ways to fine-tune the cAMP signaling pathway for therapeutic purposes.
  • 642
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Macrophages in Brief
Macrophages, the unsung heroes of our immune system, are multifunctional immune cells that play a pivotal role in defending our bodies against infections, promoting tissue repair, and maintaining overall health. Originating from circulating monocytes, macrophages are distributed throughout various tissues, adapting to their local environments and fulfilling specialized functions. These immune sentinels are recognized for their remarkable ability to engulf and digest pathogens, a process known as phagocytosis. Additionally, they serve as crucial antigen-presenting cells, initiating adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens to T cells. This bridging function between innate and adaptive immunity is a testament to their importance. Beyond immunity, macrophages are key players in tissue regeneration and homeostasis. They clear cellular debris, promote tissue repair, and modulate inflammation. Dysregulation of macrophage function is associated with a range of diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancer. As research in immunology advances, macrophages continue to unveil their complex roles, offering promising avenues for therapeutic interventions and a deeper understanding of immune responses and disease processes.
  • 641
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Plasticity of Human RPE Cells
The retina is a specialized light-sensitive tissue in the eye of mammals and humans that provides visual perception, and is actively studied at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels. Photoreceptor cells located in its outer part perform the function of converting light (phototransduction) into neurochemical signals, which are processed in the neurons of the retina and the brain and ultimately form our vision. Functional support for retinal neurons is provided by retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPE cells). The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a single-row layer of pigmented, hexagonal, normally non-proliferating cells located between the choroid and the photoreceptor cells of the retina. The RPE performs many diverse functions to support the retina, including the transepithelial transport of substances, the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments, and a number of processes in the visual cycle, as well as participation in the blood–retinal barrier and secretion of growth factors. The RPE plays an important role in regulating the redox homeostasis of retinal photoreceptors. A few cells have been isolated from the human RPE, which, according to strict clonal analysis and other stem cell criteria (self-renewal and the production of differential progeny), were classified as adult RPE stem cells (RPESCs). The number of  mammalian RPESCs was determined in vitro experiments, from which it became clear that  to 2% of cells are capable of proliferation, self-renewal, and the expression of specific genes characterizing stem cells. Depending on microenvironmental conditions, RPESCs can remain quiescent in a stemness state or exhibit multipotent differentiation. RPESCs can produce RPE cells and are capable of generating different types of photoreceptors and nerve cells, or mesenchymal cells.
  • 640
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Hematopoietic stem cell: regulation and nutritional intervention
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent precursors with the unique ability to self-renew into all cell types and self-regenerate in order to resume proliferation in the blood-forming system. They are crucial for the life maintenance of bio-organisms. Investigation into the functioning of HSCs remains a prominent and dynamic area of exploration by researchers. Here we summarizes the intrinsic factors (i.e., RNA-binding protein, modulators in epigenetics and enhancer–promotor-mediated transcription) essential to the function of HSCs.
  • 639
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Bulk Tumor and Single-Cell Multi-Omics
There are insufficient accurate biomarkers and effective therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. Multi-omics regulatory networks in patient bulk tumors and single cells can shed light on molecular disease mechanisms. Integration of multi-omics data with large-scale patient electronic medical records (EMRs) can lead to the discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
  • 638
  • 09 Jan 2023
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