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Topic Review
HuR and Hepatobiliary Cancers
HuR owns the post-transcriptional control of a large number of RNAs, enabling the protein to play pivotal roles that are dictated by the molecular functions of the transcripts. HuR targets, chiefly, include many mRNAs encoding proteins involved in cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, differentiation, stress, and immune responses. In turn, HuR was found to be involved not only in physiological processes (e.g., adipogenesis and muscle differentiation) but also in disease (primarily, cancer and inflammation). 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are cancers that arise from both stratified squamous and non-squamous epithelium of diverse anatomical sites and collectively represent one of the most frequent solid tumors. Despite such heterogeneous anatomical origins, SCCs have unified oncogenic and metabolic features centered around maintaining redox homeostasis that may ultimately be attractive therapeutic targets.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Glutathione in Brain Disorders and Aging
Glutathione is a remarkably functional molecule with diverse features, which include being an antioxidant, a regulator of DNA synthesis and repair, a protector of thiol groups in proteins, a stabilizer of cell membranes, and a detoxifier of xenobiotics. Glutathione exists in two states-oxidized and reduced. Under normal physiological conditions of cellular homeostasis, glutathione remains primarily in its reduced form.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 and One-Carbon Metabolism
Dysregulation of one-carbon metabolism affects a wide range of biological processes and is associated with a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, dementia, neural tube defects, and cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that one-carbon metabolism plays an important role in COVID-19. The symptoms of long COVID-19 are similar to those presented by subjects suffering from vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia). The metabolism of a cell infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is reshaped to fulfill the need for massive viral RNA synthesis, which requires de novo purine biosynthesis involving folate and one-carbon metabolism. Many aspects of host sulfur amino acid metabolism, particularly glutathione metabolism underlying antioxidant defenses, are also taken over by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. 
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy Regulation by Persulfidation
The term “autophagy”, (from the Greek words auto, meaning “self” and phagein, meaning “to eat”)—literally, eating one’s self—was first created by Christian de Duve over 40 years ago, who discovered lysosomes and provided clear proof of their participation in this process. It is an evolutionarily conserved process of degradation and recycling in eukaryotic organisms. The research of H2S as a signaling molecule has been focused on the effect of sulfide donors on different diseases and physiological pathways, until in 2009 when Snyder’s group described persulfidation or S-sulfhydration as the mechanism of H2S signaling. Since then, numerous targets have been identified to undergo persulfidation, and it has become recognized as the main mechanism by which H2S controls several cellular functions. Persulfidation is a posttranslational modification of cysteine residues, where a thiol group (RSH) is transformed into a persulfide group (RSSH)
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
MicroRNA Expression in Sepsis
A critically ill polytrauma patient is one of the most complex cases to be admitted to the intensive care unit, due to both the primary traumatic complications and the secondary post-traumatic interactions. From a molecular, genetic, and epigenetic point of view, numerous biochemical interactions are responsible for the deterioration of the clinical status of a patient, and increased mortality rates. From a molecular viewpoint, microRNAs are one of the most complex macromolecular systems due to the numerous modular reactions and interactions that they are involved in. Regarding the expression and activity of microRNAs in sepsis, their usefulness has reached new levels of significance. MicroRNAs can be used both as an early biomarker for sepsis, and as a therapeutic target because of their ability to block the complex reactions involved in the initiation, maintenance, and augmentation of the clinical status.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Role of Enhancer RNAs in Cancer
Enhancers are distal cis-acting elements that are commonly recognized to regulate gene expression via cooperation with promoters. Along with regulating gene expression, enhancers can be transcribed and generate a class of non-coding RNAs called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs).
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cyclic Dinucleotides in Bacterial Behavior
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) constitute intracellular signaling second messenger systems, they determine the regulation of multiple bacterial phenotypes. Most notably, c-di-GMP, along with proteins related to its synthesis, sensing, and degradation, was identified as playing a central role in the switching from biofilm to planktonic modes of growth. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Neurokinin-1 Receptor
Substance P (SP), through the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), behaves as a universal mitogen in cancer cells. The NK-1R is overexpressed in tumor cells and, in addition, affects the viability of cancer cells. NK-1R antagonists counteract all the previous actions mediated by SP through NK-1R. In a concentration-dependent manner, these antagonists promote tumor cell death by apoptosis. Therefore, NK-1R is a potential and promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment by using NK-1R antagonists (e.g., aprepitant) alone or in combination therapy with chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effect of Annona muricata
The Annonaceae family contains different types of bioactive chemical properties, such as alkaloids, acetogenins, flavonoids, terpenes, and essential oil, meaning the plants in this family are potential therapeutic agents. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that A. muricata has the pharmacological effects of anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, and wound healing. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Engineering of Yeast for Bioethanol Production
Increased human population and the rapid decline of fossil fuels resulted in a global tendency to look for alternative fuel sources. Ethanol has been the primary fossil fuel alternative due to its low carbon emission rates, high octane content and comparatively facile microbial production processes. As a well-known platform microorganism and native ethanol producer, baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been the primary subject of interest for both academic and industrial perspectives in terms of enhanced ethanol production processes. Metabolic engineering strategies have been primarily adopted for direct manipulation of genes of interest responsible in mainstreams of ethanol metabolism. To overcome limitations of rational metabolic engineering, an alternative bottom-up strategy called inverse metabolic engineering has been widely used. In this context, evolutionary engineering, also known as adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE), which is based on random mutagenesis and systematic selection, is a powerful strategy to improve bioethanol production of S. cerevisiae. Metabolic and evolutionary engineering strategies are intertwined and many metabolically engineered strains for bioethanol production can be further improved by powerful evolutionary engineering strategies as well as the recent advancements in directed genome evolution, including CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Plants Salt Stress
Soil salinization inhibits plant growth and seriously restricts food security and agricultural development. Excessive salt can cause ionic stress, osmotic stress, and ultimately oxidative stress in plants. Plants exclude excess salt from their cells to help maintain ionic homeostasis and stimulate phytohormone signaling pathways, thereby balancing growth and stress tolerance to enhance their survival.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs Responding to Space Radiation
High-energy and high-atom-number (HZE) space radiation poses an inevitable potential threat to astronauts on deep space exploration missions. In addition to inducing damage at the DNA level, space radiation also causes epigenetic changes, such as microRNAs, which is important to understanding of the machanisms underlying space radiobiological effects.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Sep 2020
Topic Review
ROS in Acute Hypoxia
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are series of chemical products originated from one or several electron reductions of oxygen. ROS are involved in physiology and disease and can also be both cause and consequence of many biological scenarios. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS in the cell and, particularly, the enzymes in the electron transport chain are the major contributors to this phenomenon
  • 1.0K
  • 16 May 2021
Topic Review
Emerging Pathogen-Detection Techniques in Agro-Food Sector
The agro-food sector is one of major contributors to the economy of a developing country. This sector offers a primary source of nutrition for livestock and also more than 80% of the food consumed by human beings. The monitoring of agro-food products is essential to maintain our civilization with food security via reducing the risk of infections. The diagnosis of pathogens can be carried out in plants themselves, in obtained food products, or in humans after the consumption of contaminated agro-foods.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Associated Burkholderia Species
The genus Burkholderia belongs to the subphylum of β-proteobacteria and encompasses Gram-negative bacterial species with high genetic versatility and adaptability to various ecological niches.
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  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Plant-Based Compounds Against SARS-CoV-2
Polyphenols and alkaloids are the most widespread plant-based products with prominent properties including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimalarial, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-dengue effects. Accordingly, these phytochemicals can be promising candidates for discovering effective therapeutic regimens for SARS-CoV-2. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Better Antimicrobial Peptides Databases
With the accelerating growth of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), there is an urgent need for new antimicrobial agents with low or no AMR. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been extensively studied as alternatives to antibiotics (ATAs). Coupled with the new generation of high-throughput technology for AMP mining, the number of derivatives has increased dramatically, but manual running is time-consuming and laborious. Therefore, it is necessary to establish databases that combine computer algorithms to summarize, analyze, and design new AMPs. A number of AMP databases have already been established, such as the Antimicrobial Peptides Database (APD), the Collection of Antimicrobial Peptides (CAMP), the Database of Antimicrobial Activity and Structure of Peptides (DBAASP), and the Database of Antimicrobial Peptides (dbAMPs). These four AMP databases are comprehensive and are widely used. 
  • 1.0K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes Diversity
Cells can communicate through special “messages in the bottle”, which are recorded in the bloodstream inside vesicles, namely exosomes. The exosomes are nanovesicles of 30–100 nm in diameter that carry functionally active biological material, such as proteins, messanger RNA (mRNAs), and micro RNA (miRNAs). Therefore, they are able to transfer specific signals from a parental cell of origin to the surrounding cells in the microenvironment and to distant organs through the circulatory and lymphatic stream. More and more interest is rising for the pathological role of exosomes produced by cancer cells and for their potential use in tumor monitoring and patient follow up. In particular, the exosomes could be an appropriate index of proliferation and cancer cell communication for monitoring the minimal residual disease, which cannot be easily detectable by common diagnostic and monitoring techniques. The lack of unequivocal markers for tumor-derived exosomes calls for new strategies for exosomes profile characterization aimed at the adoption of exosomes as an official tumor biomarker for tumor progression monitoring.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cytochrome c oxidase Assembly Factors
An overview of cytochrome c oxidase assembly factors in baker's yeast and humans with hypotheses regarding the assembly process in low oxygen conditions and during initial entry into the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Oct 2020
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