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Topic Review
Methods to Assess Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and severe malignancies worldwide. Recent advances in diagnostic methods allow for more accurate identification and detection of several molecular biomarkers associated with this cancer. Classical prognostic genetic markers comprise mutations in several genes (e.g., APC, KRAS/BRAF, TGF-β, and TP53). Furthermore, CIN and MSI serve as chromosomal markers, while epigenetic markers include CIMP and many other candidates such as SERP, p14, p16, LINE-1, and RASSF1A. Results on the prognostic value of the most commonly used cell cycle-related markers in CRC demonstrated by immunohistochemical (IHC) methods in relation to patients' overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS), are inconsistent. However, it was possible to confirm such a role for cyclin B1, cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67. The number of long non-coding RNAs (e.g., SNHG1, SNHG6, MALAT-1, CRNDE) and microRNAs (e.g., miR-20a, miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-181a/b) associated with proliferation in CRC as confirmed prognostic markers is increasing. Despite the rather obvious limitations of IHC and new molecular techniques, the standardisation of methods for quantitative assessment of proliferation marker expression, or the understanding of endogenous and exogenous (environmental) mechanisms of accelerated cellular proliferation, requires further development.
  • 660
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Reliable Hallmarks and Biomarkers of Senescent Lymphocytes
The accumulation of senescent cells increases age-related background inflammation, “Inflammaging”, causing lymphocyte exhaustion and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, autoimmune and cancer diseases.  Although modern research has not yet identified specific markers of aging lymphocytes, several sets of markers facilitate the separation of the aging population based on normal memory and exhausted cells for further genetic and functional analysis. The reasons for the higher predisposition of CD8+ T-lymphocytes to senescence compared to the CD4+ population are also discussed. The suppression of immune senescence is the most relevant area of research aimed at developing anti-aging and anti-cancer therapy for prolonging the lifespan of the global population.
  • 660
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Histopathology of Cervical HPV Lesions
Only after fully understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of HPV lesions and their interaction with different cofactors such as the microbiota will it be possible to define the most effective strategy for patients. The Pathologist and the HPV test allows identifying women with “high risk” to be included in personalized protocols and targeted follow-up in cynical practice.
  • 659
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Progenitor Cells
Vascular progenitor cells are activated to repair and form a neointima following vascular damage such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, trauma, hypoxia, primary cancerous lesions and metastases as well as catheter interventions. They play a key role not only in the resolution of the vascular lesion but also in the adult neovascularization and angiogenesis sprouting (i.e., the growth of new capillaries from pre-existing ones), often associated with carcinogenesis, favoring the formation of metastases, survival and progression of tumors.
  • 659
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Similarities and Differences of NAFLD and AATD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a type of steatosis commonly associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. Other diseases such as inherited alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) have also been related to the development of liver steatosis. The primary reasons leading to hepatic lipid deposits can be genetic and epigenetic, and the outcomes range from benign steatosis to liver failure, as well as to extrahepatic diseases. Progressive hepatocellular damage and dysregulated systemic immune responses can affect extrahepatic organs, specifically the heart and lungs. 
  • 659
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Insertion of Precursor Polypeptides into the ER Membrane
The protein import into the organelle termed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first step in the biogenesis of about one-third of the different soluble and membrane proteins (MPs) of human cells and, therefore, represents a central cell biological research topic.
  • 659
  • 11 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Regenaring Axons and Axon-Glia Interactions
Following an injury, axons of both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) degenerate through a coordinated and genetically conserved mechanism known as Wallerian degeneration (WD). Unlike central axons, severed peripheral axons have a higher capacity to regenerate and reinnervate their original targets, mainly because of the favorable environment that they inhabit and the presence of different cell types. Even though many aspects of regeneration in peripheral nerves have been studied, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the dynamics of axonal degeneration and regeneration, mostly due to the inherent limitations of most animal models. In this scenario, the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae combined with time-lapse microscopy currently offers a unique experimental opportunity to monitor the dynamics of the regenerative process in the PNS in vivo.
  • 658
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Roles of ATP-Binding-Cassette Proteins in Pluripotent Stem Cells
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are highly proliferative cells that can self-renew indefinitely in vitro. Upon receiving appropriate signals, PSCs undergo differentiation and can generate every cell type in the body. These unique properties of PSCs require specific gene expression patterns that define stem cell identity and dynamic regulation of intracellular metabolism to support cell growth and cell fate transitions. PSCs are prone to DNA damage due to elevated replicative and transcriptional stress. Therefore, mechanisms to prevent deleterious mutations in PSCs that compromise stem cell function or increase the risk of tumor formation from becoming amplified and propagated to progenitor cells are essential for embryonic development and for using PSCs including induced PSCs (iPSCs) as a cell source for regenerative medicine.
  • 656
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Human Brain Genome Organization and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Human brain, a central organ of the human nervous system, is a highly complex organ that regulates many essential processes including cognition, memory, emotion, vision, breathing, motor skills, and experiences of surroundings. As the most complex organ in the human body, the brain manifests its complexity in various aspects. Underneath the cerebral cortex, there are many indispensable structures encompassing the thalamus, the epithalamus, the striatum, the pineal gland, the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus, the subthalamus, the substantia nigra, as well as the limbic structures, including the amygdala and the hippocampus. A number of studies, particularly through examining gene expression and epigenetic profiles from various regions of the brain, have identified the most associated regions for different brain-related disorders.
  • 654
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Flat/Intended/Aspine Post-Synapses
Brain synapses are neuronal structures of the greatest interest. In the brain, the distribution of flat/intended and that of spinal post-synapses are not random. Coverage by flat/intended predominates in dendritic fibers of inhibitory neurons.
  • 654
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
TRPV4 and Calcium Oscillations in Tissue Repair
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) specifically functions as a mechanosensitive ion channel and is responsible for conveying changes in physical stimuli such as mechanical stress, osmotic pressure, and temperature. TRPV4 enables the entry of cation ions, particularly calcium ions, into the cell. Activation of TRPV4 channels initiates calcium oscillations, which trigger intracellular signaling pathways involved in a plethora of cellular processes, including tissue repair. Widely expressed throughout the body, TRPV4 can be activated by a wide array of physicochemical stimuli, thus contributing to sensory and physiological functions in multiple organs.
  • 653
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Effect of H. sabdariffa Extract on Obesity
H. sabdariffa derived bioactive compounds are potent in the treatment of obesity with an evident reduction in body weight, inhibition of lipid accumulation and suppression of adipogenesis through the PPARγ pathway and other transcriptional factors. 
  • 652
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Mechanobiology of Metastasis
The major cause (more than 90%) of all cancer-related deaths is metastasis, thus its prediction can critically affect the survival rate. Metastases are predicted by lymph-node status, tumor size, histopathology and genetic testing. The identification of new potential prognostic factors will be an important source of risk information for the practicing oncologist, potentially leading to enhanced patient care through the proactive optimization of treatment strategies. Mechanobiology, as a branch of biomechanics and/or a branch of biology, has reached a mature stage mainly because of the significant technological and methodological advances at the cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels and the need to disclose the mechanical basis of biology. The application of mechanobiology to medicine (mechanomedicine) may help advance human health and improve diagnostics, treatment, and therapeutics of cancer.
  • 652
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
EVs in HPV Infection
Since their description, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown growing relevance in cancer progression. These cell structures contain and transfer molecules such as nucleic acids (including DNA and RNA), proteins, and lipids. Despite the rising information about EVs’ relationship with cancer, there is still scarce evidence about their content and function in cervical cancer. Interestingly, the composition and purposes of some cellular molecules and the expression of oncogenic proteins packaged in EVs seem modified in HPV-infected cells; and, although only the E6 oncogenic protein has been detected in exosomes from HPV-positive cells, both E6/E7 oncogenes mRNA has been identified in EVs; however, their role still needs to be clarified. Given that EVs internalizing into adjacent or distant cells could modify their cellular behavior or promote cancer-associated events like apoptosis, proliferation, migration, or angiogenesis in receptor cells, their comprehensive study will reveal EV-associated mechanisms in cervical cancer. 
  • 651
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Proteins of the Nucleolus of Dictyostelium discoideum
The nucleolus is a multifunctional subnuclear compartment that has been studied for more than 200 years. The nucleoli of Dictyostelium discoideum have a comparatively unique, non-canonical, localization adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane. The verified nucleolar proteins of this eukaryotic microbe are detailed while other potential proteins are introduced. Heat shock protein 32 (Hsp32), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 (eIF6), and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) are essential for cell survival. NumA1, a breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein-C Terminus domain-containing protein linked to cell cycle, functions in the regulation of nuclear number. 
  • 651
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metabolism of Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare cancer cell population, responsible for the facilitation, progression, and resistance of tumors to therapeutic interventions. This subset of cancer cells with stemness and tumorigenic properties is organized in niches within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and presents altered regulation in a variety of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as well as lipid, amino acid, and iron metabolism. 
  • 651
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Calcium Signaling of Heat Shock in Crop Plants
Climate change and the increasing frequency of high temperature (HT) events are significant threats to global crop yields. To address this, a comprehensive understanding of how plants respond to heat shock (HS) is essential. Signaling pathways involving calcium (Ca2+), a versatile second messenger in plants, encode information through temporal and spatial variations in ion concentration. Ca2+ is detected by Ca2+-sensing effectors, including channels and binding proteins, which trigger specific cellular responses. At elevated temperatures, the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ in plant cells increases rapidly, making Ca2+ signals the earliest response to HS. 
  • 651
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Subtypes of PPARs and Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and lethality. Its pathogenesis is related to the abnormal expression of many genes. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-dependent transcription factors in the nuclear receptor superfamily. They can regulate the transcription of a large number of target genes, which are involved in life activities such as cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis, and regulate physiological processes such as glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and wound healing. Further, the changes in its expression are associated with various diseases, including breast cancer. The PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ express differently in different tissues, with differences in target genes, biological activities, and ligand affinities. The PPARs participate in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and homeostasis, as well as various physiological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, inflammation, and vascular biology. In addition, the three subtypes of PPARs also regulate the occurrence and development of many malignant tumors via different mechanisms; breast cancer is one of them.
  • 649
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia in Cardiovascular Diseases
Heart valve diseases are a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. They affect more than 13% of the population aged over 75 years old and occur when any type of the four heart valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic valves) is damaged. Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is defined as a slowly progressing condition that ranges from mild valve aortic sclerosis to severe calcifying aortic valve stenosis. This progression manifests in approximately 2% of individuals over 65 years old annually.
  • 649
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Applications of NSCLC Organoid Systems
Lung cancer organoids hold the potential to be used for a variety of different translational research applications. A dynamic model system enables to simulate mechanisms that occur in vivo during cancer growth or under cancer treatment. In particular, the use as a platform for understanding tumor genomic evolution could be of interest, in order to elucidate how under the selective pressure of a given therapy resistance mechanisms develop. Being able to gain a deeper understanding of these processes might allow us to identify alternative treatment strategies for those patients developing resistance, e.g., to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
  • 647
  • 22 Nov 2021
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