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Topic Review
Synthesis of Lithium Lanthanum Titanate
Solid state batteries could potentially improve the characteristics of the conventional Li-ion batteries (capacity, charge/discharge rate, safety and sustainability) by replacing the organic electrolyte of the standard battery with a solid (crystalline, but also polymer and hybrid) electrolyte. One of the most promising solid electrolytes is Li3xLa2/3−xTiO3 (LLTO). A number of synthesis techniques have been employed for the preparation of the LLTO compounds. These can be divided on two subcategories: bulk material synthesis and nanostructured material synthesis. The first category contains primarily two methods: sol-gel method and the solid-state reaction method. Nanostructured materials are obtained by thin film deposition techniques and by electrospinning.
  • 864
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Dynamics Investigation of Prenucleation at Liquid–Metal/Oxide Interfaces
Oxide particles, including magnesia, spinel, and alumina, are inevitably formed in the liquid during liquid–metal handling and casting. They may act as nucleation sites for potential grain refinement. Knowledge about atomic ordering (prenucleation) at liquid–metal/oxide (M(l)/oxide) interfaces is important for an understanding of heterogeneous nucleation during casting. 
  • 856
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vibrational Coherence in MMLCT and MC Excited State
There have been significant advancements in the investigation of coherence-related phenomena in organic systems such as biological photosynthetic reaction centers. The d8 Pt(II) dinuclear complex or molecular aggregate with a metal–metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MMLCT) or metal-centered (MC) excited state was reported to show the vibrational coherence phenomenon in the intersystem crossing (ISC) process, due to the Metal–metal (M-M) interaction at excited state.
  • 823
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
MOFs as ODS Catalysts
Catalytic oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of fuel oils is considered one of the most promising non-hydrodesulfurization technologies due to the advantages of mild reaction conditions, low cost and easy removal of aromatic sulfur compounds. Based on this reason, the preparation of highly efficient ODS catalysts has been a hot research topic in this field. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received much attention due to advantages such as abundant metal centers, high surface areas and varied pore structures, which are composed of secondary building units (SBUs) connected by organic linkers to form crystalline porous materials. Such materials possess both the rigidity of inorganic materials and the flexibility of organic materials. Moreover, rich metal centers in the structure of MOFs could be catalytic active sites for some chemical reactions.
  • 803
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Interlayer Chemical Modulation of Electronic Phase Transitions
Two-dimensional metal chalcogenides (2D-MCs) with complex interactions are usually rich in phase transition behavior, such as superconductivity, charge density wave (CDW), and magnetic transitions, which hold great promise for the exploration of exciting physical properties and functional applications. Interlayer chemical modulation, as a renewed surface modification method, presents congenital advantages to regulate the phase transitions of 2D-MCs due to its confined space, strong guest–host interactions, and local and reversible modulation without destructing the host lattice, whereby new phenomena and functionalities can be produced.
  • 750
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Sir Andre Konstantin Geim
Sir Andre Geim is a Russian-born Dutch–British physicist and Nobel Laureate, renowned for his groundbreaking contributions to condensed matter physics. He co-discovered graphene in 2004—a one-atom-thick, two-dimensional allotrope of carbon—earning him and Konstantin Novoselov the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene." Uniquely, he is also the only person to win both a Nobel and an Ig Nobel Prize, the latter awarded in 2000 for levitating a frog using magnets.
  • 719
  • 13 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Ultrafast Phase Transitions in (001) Si
Researchers demonstrate an ultrafast (<0.1 ps) reversible phase transition in silicon (Si) under ultrafast pressure loading using molecular dynamics. Si changes its structure from cubic diamond to β-Sn on the shock-wave front. The phase transition occurs when the shock-wave pressure exceeds 11 GPa. 
  • 699
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CO Molecules Detection on Metal Surfaces
Detection of intermediates during the catalytic process by infrared techniques has been widely implemented for many important reactions. For the reduction of CO2 into hydrocarbons on metal surfaces, CO molecule is one of the most important transient species to be followed due to its involvement in several products’ pathways, and its distinct vibrational features. 
  • 694
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Diffusion-Limited Processes in Hydrogels with Chosen Applications
Diffusion is one of the key nature processes which plays an important role in respiration, digestion, and nutrient transport in cells. In this regard, the research aims to review various diffusion approaches used to fabricate different functional materials based on hydrogels, unique examples of materials that control diffusion. They have found applications in fields such as drug encapsulation and delivery, nutrient delivery in agriculture, developing materials for regenerative medicine, and creating stimuli-responsive materials in soft robotics and microrobotics. 
  • 691
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Types of Hydrogels for Bearing Anticancer Chemotherapeutics
The advantages of hydrogels as a depot for local application of medicinal substances are due to their tunable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and the possibility for controllable degradation; due to that, they are intensively investigated as local drug delivery systems. A hydrogel can be defined as a quasi-solid body composed of a three-dimensional (3D) network of hydrophilic macromolecules and water. 
  • 687
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Functional Materials for Optical Data Storage
In the current data age, the fundamental research related to optical applications has been rapidly developed. Countless new-born materials equipped with distinct optical properties have been widely explored, exhibiting tremendous values in practical applications. The optical data storage technique is one of the most significant topics of the optical applications, which is considered as the prominent solution for conquering the challenge of the explosive increase in mass data, to achieve the long-life, low-energy, and super high-capacity data storage.
  • 683
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Pnictogen Bond in Metal Halide Perovskites
The pnictogen bond, a somewhat overlooked supramolecular chemical synthon known since the middle of the last century, is one of the promising types of non-covalent interactions yet to be fully understood by recognizing and exploiting its properties for the rational design of novel functional materials. Its bonding modes, energy profiles, vibrational structures and charge density topologies, among others, have yet to be comprehensively delineated, both theoretically and experimentally.
  • 658
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Colloids in Curved Space
Self-assembly of nanoscale objects is of essential importance in materials science, condensed matter physics, and biophysics. Curvature modifies the principles and sequence of self-assembly in Euclidean space, resulting in unique and more complex structures. Understanding self-assembly behavior in curved space is not only instrumental for designing structural building blocks and assembly processes from a bottom-up perspective but is also critically important for delineating various biological systems.
  • 613
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nanocomposites of Ferrites with TiO2 , SiO2 
Ferrites are important magnetic materials used in electronic devices. Nanocomposites of ferrites with TiO2 has gained interest due to its unique advantages, such as high chemical stability, surface-active sites, high specific surface area, non-toxicity, excellent optical properties, and tunable porosity.
  • 595
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Magnetism-Covalent Bonding Interplay
Valence electrons are one of the main players in solid catalysts and in catalytic reactions, since they are involved in several correlated phenomena like chemical bonding, magnetism, chemisorption, and bond activation. This is particularly true in the case of solid catalysts containing d-transition metals, which exhibit a wide range of magnetic phenomena, from paramagnetism to collective behaviour. Indeed, the electrons of the outer d-shells are, on one hand, involved in the formation of bonds within the structure of a catalyst and on its surface, and, on the other, they are accountable for the magnetic properties of the material.
  • 594
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Phase Equilibrium Studies of Nonferrous Smelting Slags
Pyrometallurgy is the primary technique for the production of many nonferrous metals such as copper, lead, and zinc. The phase equilibrium information of smelting slags plays an important role in the efficient extraction of metals and energy consumption. The experimental technologies used in phase equilibrium studies are compared. The presentation and applications of the pseudo-ternary and pseudo-binary phase diagrams are demonstrated in the Fe–Si–Ca–Zn–Mg–Al–Cu–S–O system. 
  • 582
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Breast Cancer and Isoflavones
The biological properties, mechanisms of action, and available data supporting the potential role of isoflavones in the prevention of breast cancer.
  • 533
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Neutron Irradiation
Neutron irradiation is the exposure of a material to a flux of neutrons, which, because neutrons are uncharged, penetrate deeply and interact with atomic nuclei rather than being stopped by the electron cloud, producing displacement damage and, in some cases, transmutation products within the material [1]. The primary consequence in structural materials is the creation of lattice defects: an energetic neutron transfers kinetic energy to an atom, knocking it from its lattice site into an interstitial position and leaving a vacancy, and such primary knock-on atoms generate cascades of further displacements whose accumulated point defects evolve into dislocation loops, voids, and clusters under continued exposure [2]. Neutron irradiation is distinguished from charged-particle irradiation by the neutrality and deep penetration of the incident particle, which enables bulk rather than surface damage, and from simple thermal exposure by the displacement cascades and transmutation elements introduced by nuclear reactions [1]. The effects on properties—changes in strength, ductility, swelling, and embrittlement—arise from the accumulation and rearrangement of irradiation-induced defects and from transmutation gases, and are characterized in terms of displacement dose, typically expressed as displacements per atom [2]. Its defining mechanism is nuclear interaction producing atomic displacements deep within the solid [3].
  • 7
  • 26 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Kinetic Modeling
Kinetic modeling is the construction of a mathematical description of a reacting system in which every elementary step carries its own rate constant, so that the macroscopic rates and selectivities follow from the mechanism rather than being fitted directly. In heterogeneous catalysis this means writing the adsorption, surface reaction and desorption steps explicitly, then solving the resulting balance equations; the challenge is less the formalism than the parameter values, since activation barriers from electronic structure calculations carry errors that propagate through the model [1]. Closing the gap between predicted and measured rates and selectivities has become the benchmark by which such models are judged [2]. A concrete case shows what is involved: the oxidation of cis-cyclooctene over a grafted manganese complex has been described with a full microkinetic scheme [3]. Quantifying how parameter uncertainty propagates to the predicted rate is therefore part of the practice [4]. Automatic generation of the mechanism and of the corresponding equations reduces the manual effort that has limited the scope of these models [5].
  • 5
  • 28 Sep 2026
Topic Review
Coagulation-Flocculation
Coagulation-flocculation is a physicochemical water treatment process in which charged colloidal particles that remain stably dispersed because of electrostatic repulsion are destabilized and then aggregated into larger settleable flocs [1]. In the coagulation stage, coagulants such as aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, or cationic polymers are rapidly mixed into the water to neutralize the surface charge of the colloids, compress the electric double layer, and form microflocs; in the flocculation stage, gentle slow mixing promotes perikinetic and orthokinetic collisions among the destabilized particles so that they grow into dense, macroscopic flocs that can be removed by subsequent sedimentation and granular-media filtration [2]. The process is evaluated using standardized jar-test procedures that determine the optimal coagulant dose, pH, and mixing intensity, and its performance is governed by the surface chemistry of the suspended particles, the hydrolysis speciation of the added metal salts, and the mean velocity gradient generated by flocculation basin mixers [3].
  • 4
  • 28 Sep 2026
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