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Topic Review
Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics
Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics is a computational mesh-free Lagrangian method developed by Gingold, Monaghan, and Lucy in 1977, initially intended for use in astrophysics.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Recent Advances of Wearable Sweat-Sensing Devices
A sweat-sensing device requires a wearable device for the temporary attachment of its main components, including sensors, sweat collection devices, and electronic devices to the body’s skin region.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Speech Features for Schizophrenia
It is known that speech and language provide unique and essential information about human thought. Speech in subjects with schizophrenia is perceived as a negative symptom because it is mainly reflected in a lack of emotion (blunted affect) and poor speech (alogia). Other speech symptoms in schizophrenia include slow speech, reduced pitch variability, more pauses, and less synchronization in syllable variability. Speech production in patients with schizophrenia is usually stimulated via clinical interviews, free speech activities, image description or reading. Free speech can be compromised in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Therefore, techniques such as asking patients to report activities or plans for the future, tasks done the previous day, and dreams can be implemented. Narrative of Emotions Tasks can also be used during medical consultation.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Time Series Classification Techniques Used in Biomedical Applications
Time series classification (TSC) is very commonly used for modeling digital clinical measures. Time Series Classification (TSC) involves building predictive models that output a target variable or label from inputs of longitudinal or sequential observations across some time period. These inputs could be from a single variable or multiple variables measured across time, where the measurements can be ordinal or numerical (discrete or continuous).
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
3D Cell Culture Technology
Unlike the 2D cultures, which grow by attaching to the bottom as a monolayer, 3D cell culture refers to cells aggregated and expressed as a single tissue or form. Moreover, the 3D-cultured cells are attached to an artificially created ECM environment to interact with or grow with the surrounding environment. Therefore, unlike 2D cell cultures, cell growth in a 3D environment allows cells to grow in multiple directions rather than in a single direction in vitro, which is similar to in vivo conditions. Upon comparison, the 3D cell culture exhibits several advantages: (1) A similar biomimetic model, which is more physiologically relevant. (2) A 3D culture exhibits a high level of structural complexity and maintains homeostasis for longer. (3) 3D models can indicate how different types of cells interact. (4) 3D cultures can reduce the use of animal models. (5) They are a good simulator for the treatment of disease groups including cancer tumors.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering has been an inveterate area in the field of regenerative medicine for several decades. However, there remains limitations to engineer and regenerate tissues. Targeted therapies using cell-encapsulated hydrogels, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are capable of reducing inflammation and increasing the regenerative potential in several tissues. In addition, the use of MSC-derived nano-scale secretions (i.e., exosomes) has been promising. Exosomes originate from the multivesicular division of cells and have high therapeutic potential, yet neither self-replicate nor cause auto-immune reactions to the host. To maintain their biological activity and allow a controlled release, these paracrine factors can be encapsulated in biomaterials. Among the different types of biomaterials in which exosome infusion is exploited, hydrogels have proven to be the most user-friendly, economical, and accessible material.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Wearable Neurofeedback Technologies
Neurofeedback, utilizing an electroencephalogram (EEG) and/or a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device, is a real-time measurement of brain activity directed toward controlling and optimizing brain function. This treatment has often been attributed to improvements in disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression, and epilepsy, among others.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
SERS for the Detection of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria
Detection of foodborne pathogens at an early stage is very important to control food quality and improve medical response. Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity is becoming an urgent requirement in health safety, medical diagnostics, environmental safety, and controlling food quality. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a real-time detection method that depends on the inelastic scattering of excitation light and molecular resonance, and has been applied to different applications for detecting and classifying various pathogens.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Inspired Muco-Adhesive Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications
Muco-adhesive drug delivery systems continue to be one of the most studied for controlled pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Briefly, muco-adhesive polymers, can be described as bio-polymers that adhere to the mucosal (mucus) surface layer, for an extended residency period of time at the site of application, by the help of interfacial forces resulting in improved drug delivery. When compared to traditional drug delivery systems, muco-adhesive carriers have the potential to enhance therapeutic performance and efficacy, locally and systematically, in oral, rectal, vaginal, amongst other routes. Hence, and in light of accruing progress, evidence and interest, during the past, this E-entry aims to provide the reader with an overview of the theories, principles, properties, and underlying mechanisms of muco-adhesive polymers for pharmaceutics; from basics to design to characterization to optimization to evaluation to market. A special focus is devoted to the advances incorporating bio-inspired polymers for designing controlled muco-adhesive drug delivery systems. 
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Dots-Mediated Fluorescent Scaffolds
Regeneration of damaged tissues or organs is one of the significant challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Many researchers have fabricated various scaffolds to accelerate the tissue regeneration process. However, most of the scaffolds are limited in clinical trials due to scaffold inconsistency, non-biodegradability, and lack of non-invasive techniques to monitor tissue regeneration after implantation. Recently, carbon dots (CDs) mediated fluorescent scaffolds are widely explored for the application of image-guided tissue engineering due to their controlled architecture, light-emitting ability, higher chemical and photostability, excellent biocompatibility, and biodegradability.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Metal Ion Detection by Glutathione
Low cost, sensitive, selective, and rapid methods for heavy metal ion (HMI) detection are of growing demand, and HMI biosensors have great potential in meeting this need due to their timeliness, cost-effectiveness and convenience in operation. The most widely reported peptide probe for HMI detection is glutathione (GSH), especially in case of lead ion (Pb2+) detection. GSH is highly stable, cost-effective, and easy to immobilize on a sensor. 
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Design of Gold Nanoparticle Vertical Flow Assays
Vertical flow assays (VFAs) or flow-through assays have emerged as an alternate type of paper-based assay due to their faster detection time, larger sample volume capacity, and significantly higher multiplexing capabilities compared to lateral flow assays (LFAs).  VFA can be used for detecting important biomarkers in diagnostic medicine, particularly when VFA is paired with gold nanoparticle conjugation.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Biomedical Photonic Sensors
Photonic Sensors (PS) are the set of devices/systems designed to carry out the faithful reproduction of the measurand in the electrical domain using photonic technologies in their key sensor parts.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Confocal Microscopy
Confocal microscopy, most frequently Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) or Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy (LCSM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing the optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light or glare in image formation.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Quantum Dots
Quantum dots (QDs) are an advanced nanomaterial technology deem to be useful in clinical and biomedical applications. QDs have given a big impact in biomedical application due to their imaging potential which significantly improved the clinical diagnostics test. Meanwhile, QDs also have the potential to become the nanocarrier for the drug.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Nanofiber Polymers for Biomedical Applications
The features of the nanofibers (NFs) that are used to coat biomedical Ti-based implants are predominantly dependent on the type of polymer employed. Applicable polymers are categorized as either natural or synthetic based on their source and composition. Natural polymers, namely cellulose, collagen, gelatin, chitosan, chitin, dextrose and silk fibroin, have been electrospun into NF scaffolds.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Hp-NCL Network in Routing Encoding
Goal-directed navigation is a crucial behavior for the survival of animals, especially for the birds having extraordinary spatial navigation ability. In neural mechanism of the goal-directed behavior, especially involving the information encoding mechanism of the route, the hippocampus (Hp), nidopallium caudalle (NCL) and their local networks of the avian brain play important roles.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Polymer–Metal Composites Materials for Healthcare Device
An ideal medical implant requires optimized properties on both bulk and microscopic scale that can hardly be accomplished by using a single material. Metallic implants such as titanium-based implants possess excellent mechanical properties in general but suffer from corrosion; polymeric implants can be multifunctional and biodegradable, however, difficult to provide some crucial mechanical properties like ductility. With the advance in polymer science and metallurgy, the polymer–metal composite materials serve as an emerging class of healthcare device with optimized bulk and microscopic properties, such polymer–metal composite devices provide good mechanical support, good bio-integration, good hygiene, and minimize bacterial infection and reduced hypersensitivity reactions.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biobutanol Blends in Diesel Engines
Fossil fuels have often been partially replaced by renewable fuels to reduce both the environmental impact and the dependence on conventional fuels in internal combustion engines. When butanol is blended with diesel fuels, PM emissions sharply decrease, THC emissions increase and there is no consensus regarding CO and NOx emissions. No startability problems up to 40% butanol content are concluded for tests at warm ambient temperature
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Embolic Agents
Minimally invasive endovascular embolization is a widely used clinical technique used for the occlusion of blood vessels to treat various diseases. Different occlusive agents ranging from gelatin foam to synthetic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) have been commercially used for embolization. However, these agents have some drawbacks, such as undesired toxicity and unintended and uncontrolled occlusion. To overcome these issues, several polymer-based embolic systems are investigated, including biocompatible and biodegradable microspheres, gelling liquid embolic with controlled occlusive features, and trackable microspheres with enhanced safety profiles.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Jun 2022
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