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Topic Review
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma-Bladder Cancer
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively rare, but highly malignant, disease with an estimated annual incidence of 2 cases per 100,000 people. The main surgical treatment modalities for UTUC are radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff resection. After surgery, intravesical recurrence (IVR) can occur in up to 47% of patients, and 75% of them present with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, there are few studies focused on the diagnosis and treatment of postoperatively recurrent bladder cancer for patients with previous UTUC history (UTUC-BC), and many of the influencing factors are still controversial.
  • 861
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Botulinum Toxin-A Injection Treat Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Pain management of patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is challenging, because pain is often refractory to conventional treatments. Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for these patients. This entry summarizes the literature for prospective studies evaluating the use of BTX-A in the treatment of CPPS. A pooled meta-analysis of the included studies was performed considering only patients underwent BTX-A injection and comparing pain scores evaluated at baseline and at the last available follow up. We found that BTX-A could be an efficacious treatment for some specific CPPS subtypes. Higher level studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of BTX-A and provide objective indications for its use in CPPS management.
  • 860
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Acute Kidney Injury in Patient with Cancer
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are highly prevalent in patients with cancer, and they are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. 
  • 859
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Management of Localized Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary system. Nearly 70% of new bladder cancer diagnoses are early stage, and have not yet invaded the muscle layer, whereas the remaining 30% of patients have muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), including cancer involving the muscularis propria (T2), perivesical tissue (T3) or adjacent pelvic organs/structures (T4). The treatment of MIBC is complex and is based on a multidisciplinary collaboration between surgery, radiotherapy and medical oncology teams.
  • 856
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Sperm DNA Fragmentation
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse. Approximately 15% of all couples are affected by infertility, with a male factor being solely responsible in about 20% of couples and contributory in another 30–40%. While a semen analysis is an important initial part of a male fertility evaluation, this test alone cannot differentiate those who are fertile versus infertile (except in cases of azoospermia). Specifically, while a standard semen analysis (SA) provides information regarding the patency of the reproductive tract, sperm production, sperm motility, and sperm viability, it does not provide insight into the functional potential of sperm, including its ability to fertilize an oocyte and contribute to normal embryonic development. Consequently, several tests have been developed to better assess the fertility potential of sperm, including those designed to measure sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation (SDF). While sperm DNA damage is broadly defined as any defect in sperm chromatin structure, SDF relates specifically to the single- or double-stranded breaks (SSBs or DSBs) within DNA strands. 
  • 856
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Treatment Paradigms for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is a common disease in men and the elderly. Current treatment paradigms include radical resection of the bladder and lymph nodes or transurethral resection, both supported by chemotherapy and/or radiation. New modalities, such as illumination-based therapies are also being translationally pursued.
  • 854
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Antiphospholipid Mediated Arteriovenous Fistula Complications
Antiphospholipid antibody (aPL)-persistent positivity is frequent in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) complications such as stenosis and thrombosis are among the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. The association between aPL positivity and AVF thrombosis seems to be well established.
  • 849
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Whole-Person Approach to Urinary Tract Infection
Urobiome dysbiosis, defined as an imbalance in the microbial composition in the microenvironments along the urinary tract, is found in women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI). Historically, antibiotics have been used to address UTI. An alternative approach to uncomplicated UTI is warranted as the current paradigm fails to take urobiome dysbiosis into account and contributes to the communal problem of resistance. A whole-person, multi-modal approach that addresses vaginal and urinary tract dysbiosis may be more effective in reducing recurrent UTI.
  • 832
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Androgen deprivation therapy alone is commonly performed for metastatic prostate cancer but is generally not recommended for the treatment of high-risk localized or locally advanced prostate cancer.
  • 820
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Regulation of OAT1 and OAT3 Expression and Activity
Organic anion transporters 1 and 3 (OAT1 and OAT3) play a crucial role in kidney function by regulating the secretion of multiple renally cleared small molecules and toxic metabolic by-products. Assessing the activity of these transporters is essential for drug development purposes as they can significantly impact drug disposition and safety. OAT1 and OAT3 are amongst the most abundant drug transporters expressed in human renal proximal tubules. However, their expression is lost when cells are isolated and cultured in vitro, which is a persistent issue across all human and animal renal proximal tubule cell models, including primary cells and cell lines. Although it is well known that the overall expression of drug transporters is affected in vitro, the underlying reasons for the loss of OAT1 and OAT3 are still not fully understood. 
  • 817
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Morbid obesity is considered a civilization disease of the 21st century. Not only does obesity increase mortality, but it is also the most important cause of the shortening life expectancy in the modern world. Obesity is associated with many metabolic abnormalities: dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular diseases, and others. An increasing number of patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are obese. Numerous additional disorders associated with impaired kidney function make it difficult to conduct slimming therapy and may also be associated with a greater number of complications than in people with normal kidney function.
  • 811
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Muscle-Invasive Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is an uncommon disease, only accounting for 5–10% of all urothelial carcinomas. Current clinical practice guidelines encourage a risk-adapted approach to UTUC management, including lymph node dissection (LND) in patients with muscle-invasive or high-risk tumors.
  • 810
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects many adults worldwide. Persistent low-grade inflammation is a substantial factor in its development and progression and has correlated with increased mortality and cardiovascular problems. This low-grade inflammation is a product of dysregulation of the normal balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Various factors such as increased innate immune system activation, reactive oxygen species production, periodontal disease, dysregulation of anti-inflammatory systems and intestinal dysbiosis result in the dysregulation of this balance.
  • 806
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pelvic Anatomical Changes Caused by Radical Prostatectomy
After radical prostatectomy, the pelvic anatomy is altered such that the postoperative structure differs from the preoperative one, resulting in a variety of complications. In this review, the complications and mechanisms of pelvic anatomical changes associated with radical prostatectomy, as well as countermeasures, are outlined. An analysis of the anatomical mechanisms that cause complications after radical prostatectomy using imaging and other modalities is in progress. In addition, many surgical techniques that ensure the prevention of postoperative complications have been reported, and their usefulness has been evaluated. The preservation of as much periprostatic tissue and periprostatic structures as possible may lead to favorable postoperative functions, as long as the cancer condition permits. 
  • 805
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
XBP1 Modulates the Aging Cardiorenal System
X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a unique basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor. Over recent years, the powerful biological functions of XBP1 in oxidative stress have been gradually revealed. When the redox balance remains undisturbed, oxidative stress plays a role in physiological adaptations and signal transduction. However, during the aging process, increased cellular senescence and reduced levels of endogenous antioxidants cause an oxidative imbalance in the cardiorenal system.
  • 805
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction Due to Diabetes and/or Insulin Resistance
Endothelial dysfunction is not only involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but is also associated with the progression of CKD. In patients with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia induce the development of endothelial dysfunction.
  • 800
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Relations of  UCD and PKU in Rare Diseases
Rare diseases are defined as uncommon conditions with a prevalence of less than 50 per 100,000 (1 in 2000) people or less than 200,000 people in the US. Among all rare diseases, urea cycle disorder (UCD) and phenylketonuria (PKU) are associated with executive dysfunction.
  • 796
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Glomerular Filtration Rate' Prognostic Potential
Tumors originating in urothelial cells, including ureter to renal pelvis, are known as upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUCs). 
  • 795
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Nephropathology
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have triggered a vigorous technological revolution in the medical field. The use of AI algorithms provides cutting-edge guidance for clinical practice, including medical image analysis, smart diagnosis, curative effect evaluation, and prognosis prediction. AI technology is also regarded as a useful tool to improve the diagnostic efficiency and accuracy of renal pathologies.
  • 792
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Acute Kidney Injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome where a rapid decrease in kidney function and/or urine output is observed, which may result in the imbalance of water, electrolytes and acid base. It is associated with poor prognosis and prolonged hospitalization. miRNAs are non-coding and single-stranded RNAs that silence their target genes in the post-transcriptional process and are involved in a wide range of biological processes.
  • 792
  • 12 Sep 2023
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