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Topic Review
Organ Abnormalities Caused by Turner Syndrome
Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder due to incomplete dosage compensation of X-linked genes, affects multiple organ systems, leading to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, short stature, cardiovascular and vascular abnormalities, liver disease, renal abnormalities, brain abnormalities, and skeletal problems. Patients with TS experience premature ovarian failure with a rapid decline in ovarian function caused by germ cell depletion, and pregnancies carry a high risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Aortic abnormalities, heart defects, obesity, hypertension, and liver abnormalities, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis, biliary involvement, liver cirrhosis, and nodular regenerative hyperplasia, are commonly observed in patients with TS.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
With an increase in energy consumption globally, Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis is a good alternative for producing fuels and chemicals from coal, natural gas or biomass. Among them, coal to liquids has been put into production in countries that have large coal reserves. In this process, Fe-based catalysts are commonly used due to their earth abundance, comparatively wide operation range and ready availability to handle low H2/CO ratio from coal. 
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 System
The CRISPR system was initially identified in the DNA sequences of Escherichia coli bacteria and was described in Osaka University (Japan) in 1987. However, it was not until 2007 that the potential of the CRISPR system for gene editing was realized when the first experimental information about the mechanism of action of the CRISPR system was obtained by two French food scientists named Rodolphe Barrangou and Philippe Horvath working with yogurt cultures of bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus for the Danish company Danisco.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Wnt Signaling in Human Diseases
Wnt signaling has been implicated in a wide spectrum of important biological phenomena, where either a deficiency or overactivation of key effectors can lead to various human diseases. This review highlights historical and recent findings on key mediators of Wnt signaling and its association with various developmental diseases and tumorigenesis.
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Jeannette Expedition
The Jeannette Expedition of 1879–1881, officially called the U.S. Arctic Expedition, was an attempt led by George W. De Long to reach the North Pole by pioneering a route from the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait. The premise was that a temperate current, the Kuro Siwo, flowed northwards into the strait, providing a gateway to the Open Polar Sea and thus to the pole. This theory proved illusory; the expedition's ship, USS Jeannette and its crew of 33, was trapped by ice and drifted for nearly two years before she was crushed and sunk, north of the Siberian coast. De Long then led his 32 men on a perilous journey by sled, dragging the Jeannette's whaleboat and two cutters, eventually switching to these small boats to sail for the Lena Delta in Siberia. During this journey, and in the subsequent weeks of wandering in Siberia before rescue, 20 of the ship's complement died, including De Long. The chief exponent of the theory of a warm-water gateway to the North Pole was the German cartographer August Petermann. He encouraged James Gordon Bennett Jr., the proprietor of the New York Herald, to finance a polar expedition based on the untried Pacific route. Bennett acquired a former Royal Navy gunboat, the Pandora, and changed her name to Jeannette. De Long, whom Bennett chose to lead the expedition, was a serving naval officer with previous Arctic experience. Although essentially a private venture, in which Bennett paid all the bills, the expedition had the full support of the U.S. Government. Before departure the ship was commissioned into the U.S. Navy as USS Jeannette, and sailed under navy laws and discipline. Before its demise, the expedition discovered new islands—the De Long Islands—and collected valuable meteorological and oceanographic data. Although Jeannette's fate demolished the widely believed Open Polar Sea theory, the appearance in 1884 of debris from the wreck on the south-west coast of Greenland indicated the existence of an ocean current moving the permanent Arctic ice from east to west. This discovery inspired Fridtjof Nansen to mount his Fram expedition nine years later. A monument to the Jeannette's dead was erected at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, in 1890.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Antagonists of the AT1receptor
Antagonists of the AT1receptor (AT1R) are beneficial molecules that can prevent the peptide hormone angiotensin II from binding and activating the specific receptor causing hypertension in pathological states.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Proteomics in Forensic Analysis
Proteomics is in the early stages of development for forensic applications. It has been used in forensics for identification of tissue and body fluid, identification and quantification of protein toxins, human individualization, detection of protein drugs and hormones in sports, and estimation of post-mortem intervals.
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Self-sterilizing Properties of Copper
It is confirmed that copper is a self-sanitising metal, acting on human pathogens in a way that does not let them survive exposure to copper or copper alloy surfaces for any reasonable length of time. Regarding the efficacy of copper surfaces, testing in an independent microbiology laboratory has led to 300 various copper surfaces being registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in 2008. The registration includes the following statement: “When cleaned regularly, the antimicrobial copper alloy surface kills greater than 99.9% of bacteria within two hours and continues to kill more than 99% of bacteria even after repeated contamination”. This claim acknowledges that copper and its alloys brass and bronze can kill potentially deadly bacteria, and sometime later, it was further understood that copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) and laser textured copper also show enhanced antimicrobial activity.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
3D Cell Culture Technology
Unlike the 2D cultures, which grow by attaching to the bottom as a monolayer, 3D cell culture refers to cells aggregated and expressed as a single tissue or form. Moreover, the 3D-cultured cells are attached to an artificially created ECM environment to interact with or grow with the surrounding environment. Therefore, unlike 2D cell cultures, cell growth in a 3D environment allows cells to grow in multiple directions rather than in a single direction in vitro, which is similar to in vivo conditions. Upon comparison, the 3D cell culture exhibits several advantages: (1) A similar biomimetic model, which is more physiologically relevant. (2) A 3D culture exhibits a high level of structural complexity and maintains homeostasis for longer. (3) 3D models can indicate how different types of cells interact. (4) 3D cultures can reduce the use of animal models. (5) They are a good simulator for the treatment of disease groups including cancer tumors.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Allying Meta-Structures with Diverse Optical Waveguides for Integrated-Photonics
Recent years have witnessed tremendous interest in synergizing various functional subwavelength structures into diverse optical waveguide platforms to enable versatile photonic meta-devices. The advancement of meta-waveguides not only extends meta-optics into the manipulation of guided wave, but may also reshape the landscapes of photonic integrated circuits and massive emergent applications. A recent review paper outlined latest progress on meta-waveguides-based photonics devices and systems. Both forward and inverse designed scenarios are cataloged showcasing vibrant opportunities.
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
List of Gliders (L)
This is a list of gliders/sailplanes of the world, (this reference lists all gliders with references, where available) Note: Any aircraft can glide for a short time, but gliders are designed to glide for longer.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Perovskia Atriplicifolia
Perovskia atriplicifolia (/pəˈrɒvskiə ætrɪplɪsɪˈfoʊliə/), commonly called Russian sage, is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant and subshrub. Although not a member of Salvia, the genus of other plants commonly called sage, it is closely related to them. It has an upright habit, typically reaching 0.5–1.2 m tall (1.6–3.9 ft), with square stems and grey-green leaves that yield a distinctive odor when crushed. It is best known for its flowers. Its flowering season extends from mid-summer to late October, with blue to violet blossoms arranged into showy, branched panicles. It is native to the steppes and hills of southwestern and central Asia. Successful over a wide range of climate and soil conditions, it has since become popular and widely planted. Several cultivars have been developed, differing primarily in leaf shape and overall height; 'Blue Spire' is the most common. This variation has been widely used in gardens and landscaping. P. atriplicifolia was the Perennial Plant Association's 1995 Plant of the Year, and the 'Blue Spire' cultivar received the Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society. The species has a long history of use in traditional medicine in its native range, where it is employed as a treatment for a variety of ailments. This has led to the investigation of its phytochemistry. Its flowers can be eaten in salads or crushed for dyemaking, and the plant has been considered for potential use in the phytoremediation of contaminated soil.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nominet UK
Nominet UK is the .uk domain name registry in the United Kingdom , which was founded by Dr Willie Black and five others on 14 May 1996 when its predecessor, the "Naming Committee" was unable to deal with the volume of registrations then being sought under the .uk domain. Nominet is a non-profit company limited by guarantee. It has members who act as shareholders, but without the right to participate in the profits of the company. Anyone can become a member, but most members are internet service providers who are also registrars. As one of the first professional ccTLD operators, Nominet became the model for many other operators worldwide. Customers wishing to register a domain do not approach Nominet directly but register the domain via a domain registrar – a business entity authorised by Nominet to register and manage .uk domains on behalf of customers. Registrars for .uk domains were formerly known as "tagholders". As of 2019, the .uk register held over 12,000,000 .uk domain names, making it the fourth largest ccTLD in the world. Nominet also deals with disputes about registrations of .uk domain names, via its Dispute Resolution Service (DRS) which is similar to the UDRP system used for generic Top Level Domain Names, but with certain innovations such as a free mediation service. Nominet, which operates the .uk domain, has launched a charitable foundation, the Nominet Trust, funded with Nominet grants.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ethiopian Wolf
The Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis) is a highly specialized and critically endangered canid species endemic to the Afroalpine ecosystems of the Ethiopian Highlands. With its distinctive russet-colored coat and slender build, this medium-sized wolf stands as Africa's most endangered carnivore, facing numerous threats to its survival. As a top predator and keystone species, the Ethiopian Wolf plays a crucial role in regulating prey populations and maintaining ecosystem balance in its unique Afroalpine habitat.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Oxidative Quality of Dairy Powders
Lipid oxidation (LO) is a primary cause of quality deterioration in fat-containing dairy powders and is often used as an estimation of a products shelf-life and consumer acceptability. The LO process produces numerous volatile organic compounds (VOC) including aldehydes, ketones and alcohols, which are known to contribute to the development of off-flavours in dairy powders. The main factors influencing the oxidative state of dairy powders and the various analytical techniques used to detect VOC as indicators of LO in dairy powders are outlined.
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Duckweeds for Remediating Water Contaminated with Organic Compounds
Tiny aquatic plants from the Lemnaceae family, commonly known as duckweeds, are often regarded as detrimental to the environment because of their ability to quickly populate and cover the surfaces of bodies of water. Due to their rapid vegetative propagation, duckweeds have one of the fastest growth rates among flowering plants and can accumulate large amounts of biomass in relatively short time periods. Due to the high yield of valuable biomass and ease of harvest, duckweeds can be used as feedstock for biofuels, animal feed, and other applications. Thanks to their efficient absorption of nitrogen- and phosphate-containing pollutants, duckweeds play an important role in the restorative ecology of water reservoirs. The global distribution of duckweeds and their tolerance of ammonia, heavy metals, other pollutants, and stresses are the major factors highlighting their potential for use in purifying agricultural, municipal, and some industrial wastewater. In summary, duckweeds are a powerful tool for bioremediation that can reduce anthropogenic pollution in aquatic ecosystems and prevent water eutrophication in a simple, inexpensive ecologically friendly way.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Ocean Remote Sensing Techniques and Applications
Oceans cover over 70% of the Earth’s surface and provide numerous services to humans and the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor these valuable assets using advanced technologies. In this regard, Remote Sensing (RS) provides a great opportunity to study different oceanographic parameters using archived consistent multitemporal datasets in a cost-efficient approach. Various types of RS techniques have been developed and utilized for different oceanographic applications.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ziziphus nummularia Phytoconstituents and Pharmacological Properties
The genus Ziziphus of the Rhamnaceae family contains over 58 accepted species of thorny shrubs and small trees growing mostly in arid and semi-arid regions. Species of this genus are traditionally known for their health benefits, nutritional values, and therapeutic properties, as described by various cultures around the world, specifically in India, Pakistan, China and the Middle East.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Digital Cloud Environment
This article addresses the challenges of a digital cloud environment when it comes to global scalability with a large number of remote servers and an unsecure public cloud, such as Amazon. The goal of the study was to work out an approach for evaluating the reasonable system capacity under heavy workload. For that purpose, Zabbix monitoring solution is used and business metrics are applied in relation to existing system ones. A prediction data model is proposed to compute the future forecast of the user activity based on the collected historical statistics and to verify whether capacity adjustment is possible or not. The results of capacity planning are implemented at Genesys International Telecommunications Company. System analysis of the production environment indicates the possibility to downscale the capacity of certain virtual servers, which allowed savings to the annual operational costs of $3500 (50%) for each affected server.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Conditions such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD) are less prevalent in cancer survivors and, overall, cancer is less prevalent in subjects with these neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to epidemiologic data, there is also evidence of a complex biological interconnection, with genes, proteins, and pathways often showing opposite dysregulation in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Jun 2021
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