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Topic Review
Heme Biosynthesis
Heme biosynthesis is essential for almost all living organisms. Despite its conserved function, the pathway’s enzymes can be located in a remarkable diversity of cellular compartments in different organisms. This location does not always reflect their evolutionary origins, as might be expected from the history of their acquisition through endosymbiosis. Instead, the final subcellular localization of the enzyme reflects multiple factors, including evolutionary origin, demand for the product, availability of the substrate, and mechanism of pathway regulation. Chromera velia is a coral-associated alga bearing complex rhodophyte-derived plastid with a peculiar tetrapyrrole pathway. It synthesizes ALA using heterotrophic C4 path (same as apicomplexan parasites), which additionally supplies chlorophyll for photosystems. Using a combination of bioinformatics and experimental approaches, we investigated localizations of heme pathway enzymes in C. velia. Our data show that the pathway very likely starts in the mitochondrion, with the remaining enzymes located in the plastid. We demonstrate that the proteins are targeted to various cellular compartments by stringent translocon mechanisms that are not universal even for evolutionarily related organisms.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Toward a Feminist Agroecology
Agroecology is gaining ground as a movement, science, and set of practices designed to advance a food systems transformation which subverts the patterns of farmer exploitation currently entrenched in dominant agricultural models. A feminist agroecology focuses on redressing unequal gender relations as well as other intersecting relations of marginalization such as race, class, caste, and ethnic identity. 
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nutritional Profile of Chilli
Chilli pepper, botanically Capsicum annuum L., is an indispensable vegetable cum spice crop grown commercially worldwide for its immature green and red ripe fruits. Universally, the crop is consumed and appreciated for its flavor, colour, aroma, texture, and preserving foods. The crop was probably first used among folks as medicinal plants for its rich bountiful and diversified nutrients, even before it was used in cooking. The understanding on use of such plants helped the masses to sustain since ancient times.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Retinal Toxicity Induced by Chemical Agents
Vision is an important sense for humans, and visual impairment/blindness has a huge impact in daily life. The retina is a nervous tissue that is essential for visual processing since it possesses light sensors (photoreceptors) and performs a pre-processing of visual information. Thus, retinal cell dysfunction or degeneration affects visual ability and several general aspects of the day-to-day of a person’s lives. The retina has a blood–retinal barrier, which protects the tissue from a wide range of molecules or microorganisms. However, several agents, coming from systemic pathways, reach the retina and influence its function and survival. Pesticides are still used worldwide for agriculture, contaminating food with substances that could reach the retina. Natural products have also been used for therapeutic purposes and are another group of substances that can get to the retina. Finally, a wide number of medicines administered for different diseases can also affect the retina. Here gathers recent information about the hazard of these products to the retina, which could be used to encourage the search for more healthy, suitable, or less risky agents.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Smart Parking Systems
The large number of vehicles constantly seeking access to congested areas in cities means that finding a public parking place is often difficult and causes problems for drivers and citizens alike. In this context, strategies that guide vehicles from one point to another, looking for the most optimal path, are needed. Most contributions in the literature are routing strategies that take into account different criteria to select the optimal route required to find a parking space. This paper aims to identify the types of smart parking systems (SPS) that are available today, as well as investigate the kinds of vehicle detection techniques (VDT) they have and the algorithms or other methods they employ, in order to analyze where the development of these systems is at today. To do this, a survey of 274 publications from January 2012 to December 2019 was conducted. The survey considered four principal features: SPS types reported in the literature, the kinds of VDT used in these SPS, the algorithms or methods they implement, and the stage of development at which they are. Based on a search and extraction of results methodology, this work was able to effectively obtain the current state of the research area. In addition, the exhaustive study of the studies analyzed allowed for a discussion to be established concerning the main difficulties, as well as the gaps and open problems detected for the SPS. The results shown in this study may provide a base for future research on the subject.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Green Production of CWLEs
Energy demand is constantly growing, and, nowadays, fossil fuels still play a dominant role in global energy production, despite their negative effects on air pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases, which are the main contributors to global warming. An alternative clean source of energy is represented by the lignocellulose fraction of plant cell walls, the most abundant carbon source on Earth. To obtain biofuels, lignocellulose must be efficiently converted into fermentable sugars. In this regard, the exploitation of cell wall lytic enzymes (CWLEs) produced by lignocellulolytic fungi and bacteria may be considered as an eco-friendly alternative. These organisms evolved to produce a variety of highly specific CWLEs, even if in low amounts. For an industrial use, both the identification of novel CWLEs and the optimization of sustainable CWLE-expressing biofactories are crucial.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
ElectroKinetic Remediation
The ElectroKinetic Remediation Technology (EKRT) is an electrochemical approach that is applied for the remediation of contaminated soils. Electrochemical approaches have gained prominence thanks to the many possible applications and their proven effectiveness. This is particularly evident in the case of inorganic/ionic contaminants, which are not subject to natural attenuation (biological degradation) and are difficult to treat adequately with conventional methods.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Candida Albicans in Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a T cell-mediated skin disease resulting from epithelial and immunological cells’ interactions, which affects around 2% of the population worldwide. Its onset is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, particularly infections among which Streptococcus pyogenes is the best characterized. However, the commensal fungus Candida albicans has been also associated to triggering psoriasis. Here we discuss what it is known about the link betweeen Candida and psoriasis pathogenesis.
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
M13 Bacteriophage-Based Biosensors
New virus-based sensor systems that operate on M13 bacteriophage infrastructure have attracted considerable attention. These systems can detect a range of chemicals with excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Filaments consistent with M13 bacteriophages can be ordered by highly established forms of self-assembly. This allows M13 bacteriophages to build a homogeneous distribution and infiltrate the network structure of nanostructures under mild conditions.
  • 1.8K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Multilevel Single Use Plastics Governance
Unsustainable production and consumption patterns of single-use plastics (SUP) are causing worldwide negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts on land-based and marine ecosystems. As a transboundary problem, global governance of plastics includes international agreements and voluntary multi-stakeholder platforms, focused mainly on oceans and marine life. Nevertheless, adaptation and mitigation strategies are required in local territories. National governments and municipalities have approved uneven local policies with inconsistent standards. This entry briefly discusses plastic pollution, global and regional responses, particular emphasis in Latin America, and the regional framework of the Pacific Alliance. 
  • 1.8K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Digital Government
Digital Government (DG) may be treated as an umbrella concept, and engaged rhetoric may respond to different government priorities. DG does not have one settled definition; extracting the “perfect” one emerges as a scientific activity on its own, and circulating definitions vary in terms of scope—from information supply to e-democracy; subject—from citizens to all public stakeholders; and technology family—from personal computers to the Internet. To make things even more complicated, DG is also called by various synonyms or near synonyms, such as “electronic government,” “electronic governance,” “transformational government,” and others. In our paper, we stick with the “digital government” label and study its relations with governance. A clarification for readers not familiar with this nomenclature: DG does not refer to a “digital” variant of “normal” government; it is rather about the use of digital technologies by government. What is more, a distinction between “government” and “governance” should be made: governance is a multi-stakeholder process and government at any level can be a stakeholder in this process.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Unilalianism
Unilalianism (/junɨˈleɪ.li.ən.ɪzəm/) is an satirical internet-based art and aesthetic movement, social theory, speculative philosophy, and countercultural thread of post-conceptualism pioneered by tens of indigenous artists who claim to be guided by one central motivation – the deconstruction of the object as an organizing principle of perception. It refers to both a particular subcultural network of performance and multimedia creatives, practicing primarily in one neighborhood within Washington state, as well an ontological reorientation towards decolonization rooted in semiotics, Debordian logic, linguistic theory a la Julia Kristeva's signifiance, theatre, and most generally, gnosticism. Unilalian works of satire often involve adaptations of the Letterist technique of détournement in tandem with demonstrations of psychogeography, typically expressed as deliberate interactions with the public milieu that appeal to themes consistent with unitary urbanism, culture jamming, and durative displays reminiscent of the Situationist Internationale and the Cacophony Society. Unilalianism's etymology is related to Charles Richet's 1905 coinage of xenolalia, the linguistic phenomenon of echolalia, and the religious preoccupation and putative observation of glossolalia. In the case of all three, speech and language lie at the center of attention, providing insight into the direction of Unilalian inquiry.
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chemically Activated Glass-Ionomer Cements as Bioactive Materials
Glass-ionomer cement (GIC) is a long-established restorative dental material with several clinical applications that have remained relevant because of the chemical adhesive bond it forms at the tooth-restoration interface and its fluoride-releasing and recharging properties. It was invented by Wilson and Kent in 1969 and successfully introduced into clinical practice in 1972. Chemically activated GICs, commonly referred to as conventional GICs, typically consist of ion-leachable glasses based on calcium or strontium alumino-fluorosilicate and weak polymeric water-soluble acids of polyacrylic acid (PAA) homopolymer, or acrylic acid, maleic/itaconic acid copolymer. They set by an acid-base reaction, and the setting reaction is initiated by mixing glass powder and polymeric acids. 
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Marbled Cat
The Marbled Cat (Pardofelis marmorata) is a small and elusive wild cat species native to the forests of Southeast Asia. Renowned for its striking marbled coat pattern, this felid species occupies a niche as an arboreal predator, adept at navigating the dense canopy of its habitat. Despite its cryptic nature and limited sightings in the wild, the Marbled Cat plays a significant role in forest ecosystems, preying on small mammals, birds, and reptiles, and contributing to the regulation of prey populations.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Valorization of Brewers’ Spent Grains
Brewers’ spent grains constitute a valuable byproduct of the beer industry. They are characterized by a rich nutritional composition consisting of around 70% lignocellulosic fibrous material, 20% proteins, 10% lipids, in addition to vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and phenolic compounds.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Metal Additive Manufacturing for Satellites and Rockets
Additive manufacturing (AM), also called 3D printing, belongs to the emerging technologies of our time. After being used for rapid prototyping at the beginning, current rapid production is enabled for many applications due to increasingly improved technologies. One of the areas inh which additive manufacturing offers many advantages compared to conventional manufacturing techniques is space exploration, especially producing parts of satellites and rockets.
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites Processing Optimization
Carbon fiber-reinforced composites are widely used in automobile, aerospace and military lightweight manufacturing due to their excellent mechanical properties such as light weight, excellent fracture resistance, corrosion resistance and wear resistance, etc.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Non-Fullerene Acceptors of IDIC/ITIC Families
IDIC/ITIC families of non-fullerene acceptors has boosted the photovoltaic performances of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells. The fine tuning of the photophysical, morphological and processability properties with the aim of reaching higher and higher photocurrent efficiencies has prompted uninterrupted worldwide research on these peculiar families of organic compounds.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Time Regulated Dynamics
How parameters such as interaction, iteration, frequency of iteration and time can express in a simple manner a nonlinear dynamics? Considering a system with stationary PDF and ergodic properties, the mathematical framework reveals a constant oscillation of information flow in the system. Those parameters mentioned before can start chaotic process in the previous system generating infinite random sequences as Per Martin-Löf suggested in his work "Complexity oscillations in infinite binary sequences". In this way the non ergodic properties of system express observable oscillations in which time lengths regulations can be used as a tool for PDF constraint and  phase space formations.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Tourism Marketing
This piece will focus on how tourism marketing could better place focus on local food and drink, to attract visitors interested in authenticity, and engender in them a deeper sense of place with their vacation destination.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Oct 2020
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